Neutrophils only die twice.

After apoptotic cell death begins neutrophils initiate NETosis, a second cell death program.

An innate granuloma eradicates an environmental pathogen using Gsdmd and Nos2.

Granulomas often form around pathogens that cause chronic infections. Here, we discover an innate granuloma model in mice with an environmental bacterium called Chromobacterium violaceum. Granuloma formation not only successfully walls off, but also clears, the infection. The infected lesion can arise from a single bacterium that replicates despite the presence of a neutrophil swarm. Bacterial replication ceases when macrophages organize around the infection and form a granuloma. This granuloma response is accomplished independently of adaptive immunity that is typically required to organize granulomas. The C. violaceum-induced granuloma requires at least two separate defense pathways, gasdermin D and iNOS, to maintain the integrity of the granuloma architecture. This innate granuloma successfully eradicates C. violaceum infection. Therefore, this C. violaceum-induced granuloma model demonstrates that innate immune cells successfully organize a granuloma and thereby resolve infection by an environmental pathogen.

Effectiveness of ovariohysterectomy on feline mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ovariohysterectomy (OVH) on feline mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia (FMFH) treatment, as well as the influence of previous injectable progestin on clinical signs and treatment of FMFH. METHODS: Seventy-nine female cats diagnosed with FMFH between 2014 and 2018 were included. The animals were distributed as follows: (1) treated only with OVH (TA) or OVH plus antiprogestin (TB); and (2) no administration (G1) or previous administration (G2) of injectable progestin before FMFH diagnosis. Data regarding clinical signs of FMFH, occurrence of persistent mammary growth after OVH, and time until complete remission of FMFH post-surgery were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: Mastectomy was not performed in any cat during the study. TA was adopted in 71/79 (89.9%) cases, with 42/71 (59.2%) from G2 and 29/71 (40.8%) from G1. TB was adopted in 8/79 (10.1%) cats, all from G2. Total remission of FMFH was observed in 73/79 (92.4%) cats, with six animals from G2 having died (n = 6/79 [7.6%]). The time until complete remission of FMFH was higher (P <0.0001) in cats from G2 than from G1. Moreover, animals from G2 had a higher percentage of persistent mammary growth after OVH (P <0.001) and a tendency to higher mortality (P = 0.052) compared with G1. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Previous treatment with injectable progestin may result in a more complex clinical presentation of FMFH. Ovariohysterectomy is a good treatment option for FMFH when there is no interest in breeding the queen. Treatment with antiprogestin is recommended, especially if persistent mammary growth is detected after OVH.

Celioscopic liver biopsy in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) / Biópsia hepática celioscópica em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

Endosurgery has been used for assessment of fish celomatic cavity, as well as for obtaining biopsies for organic analysis. Such minimally invasive access may also be used for the analysis of environmental impact on biomarkers of pollution. In Brazil, studies and literature regarding the use of celioscopy in fish are sparse. The purpose of the current study was to develop a two-port celioscopy technique to obtain liver biopsy in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Six adult female silver catfish were used. The animals were anesthetized and the inspection of the celomatic cavity were performed using a telescope and celioscopic-guided liver biopsy were taken using laparoscopic Kelly forceps. On the early postoperative period, the animals were released in a confined water reservoir where mortality could be checked. The liver samples were sent for histological assessment. There were no complications during surgery on early postoperative period. It was possible to visualize meticulously several organs (liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, swim bladder, ovaries, bowel and transverse septum). In conclusion, the surgical technique and the anesthetic protocol proposed were suitable to perform liver biopsies in silver catfish and provided low morbidity...

A videocirurgia vem sendo utilizada em avaliações da cavidade celomática de diferentes peixes, bem como na obtenção de biopsias para análises de órgãos. Esse acesso, minimamente invasivo, pode ainda ser empregado no estudo de impactos ambientais, a partir do uso desses animais como bioindicadores de poluentes. No Brasil, poucos são os estudos envolvendo a realização de celioscopia de peixes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, desenvolver uma técnica de videocelioscopia, a partir da utilização de dois portais, na obtenção de biopsia hepática em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Para o estudo, foram utilizadas seis fêmeas adultas. Após os animais serem anestesiados, realizou-se a inspeção da cavidade celomática com endoscópio de 10mm e 00 para na sequência, realizar a coleta de tecido hepático com pinça de Kelly. Após a recuperação anestésica/cirúrgica, os animais foram liberados em açude que permitia o controle de possíveis óbitos. Todas as amostras de tecido hepático foram encaminhadas a exame histopatológico. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem a ocorrência de complicações trans ou pós-operatórias. Visualizou-se detalhadamente diferentes órgãos e estruturas intracavitárias (fígado, baço, estômago, pâncreas, bexiga natatória, ovários, intestino grosso e septo transverso. Conclui-se que a técnica cirúrgica e o protocolo anestésico proposto são adequadas para a realização de biópsias hepáticas em jundiás e estão associados a diminuta morbidade...

Doença vestibular em cães: 81 casos (2006-2013) / Vestibular disease in dogs: 81 cases (2006-2013)

Eighty-one cases of vestibular disease in dogs were diagnosed by the neurology service in a veterinary teaching hospital in southern Brazil from 2006 to 2013. Approximately 2/3 of these cases were interpreted as central vestibular disease (CVD) with the remaining cases being considered as peripheral vestibular disease (PVD). Pure breed dogs, especially Dachshunds (PVD) and Boxers (CVD) were more affected than mixed breed dogs. The main clinical signs observed in cases of CVD and PVD included head tilt, vestibular ataxia, and ventral or ventrolateral strabismus. Proprioceptive deficits, cranial nerve V-XII dysfunction, and changes in the levels of conscience were observed only in cases of CVD, whereas absence of palpebral reflex occurred only in cases of PVD. Inflammatory or infectious diseases, especially canine distemper and bacterial otitis were the most commonly observed conditions associated with CVD and PVD, respectively. This article establishes the epidemiology (sex, age, and breed) and prevalence of clinical signs related to canine vestibular disease in the Central Rio Grande do Sul State; discusses the use of the clinical findings in the correct diagnosis and differentiation between CVD and PVD; and defines the main specific diseases responsible for the occurrence of CVD and PVD in dogs.

De 2006 a 2013 foram diagnosticados 81 casos de doença vestibular canina no serviço de rotina em neurologia de um hospital veterinário universitário do sul do Brasil. Desses, aproximadamente dois terços foram diagnosticados com doença vestibular central (DVC) e cerca de um terço como doença vestibular periférica (DVP). Cães com raça definida foram mais acometidos que aqueles sem raça definida, principalmente Dachshund (DVP) e Boxer (DVC). Os principais sinais clínicos observados, tanto na DVP quanto na DVC, incluíram: inclinação de cabeça, ataxia vestibular e estrabismo ventral ou ventrolateral. Deficiência proprioceptiva, disfunção dos nervos cranianos V-XII e alteração de nível de consciência foram vistos apenas em casos de DVC, já a ausência de reflexo palpebral ocorreu apenas em casos de DVP. Doenças inflamatórias/infecciosas, principalmente cinomose e otite bacteriana, foram as condições mais comumente associadas à DVC e à DVP, respectivamente. Esse artigo estabelece os aspectos epidemiológicos (sexo, idade e raça) e a prevalência dos sinais clínicos observados em cães com doença vestibular na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, discute a utilização dos achados clínicos no diagnóstico correto e na diferenciação entre DVC e DVP, e define quais as principais doenças responsáveis pela ocorrência dessas duas síndromes clínicas.