Avaliação da empatia de graduandos de enfermagem / Evaluación de la empatía de estudiantes universitarios de enfermería / Empathy assessment among nursing undergraduates

Resumo Objetivo Verificar o grau de empatia de estudantes de enfermagem de um curso de universidade pública de um estado da região Sudeste do Brasil e avaliar seu perfil em relação aos domínios: Tomada de Perspectiva, Flexibilidade Interpessoal, Altruísmo e Sensibilidade Afetiva. Métodos Estudo exploratório, desenvolvido com estudantes de graduação em enfermagem, utilizando-se o Inventário de Empatia (IE), instrumento composto de 40 questões empregadas para avaliar quatro dimensões da empatia. Resultados Do total de 193 participantes, 88,6 era do sexo feminino, sendo 78,7% menores de 25 anos de idade e média de idade de 23,4 anos (DP = ±4,8). Quanto ao período do curso 89 (46,1%) estavam entre o primeiro e quarto, 74 (38,4%) entre o quinto e oitavo, e 30 (15,5%) eram do nono e décimo semestre. Verificou-se que os graduandos possuem habilidade de empatia. Conclusão Os graduandos de enfermagem apresentaram escores acima da média em todas as dimensões avaliadas pelo IE, demonstrando que possuem um alto índice de empatia.

Resumen Objetivo Verificar el nivel de empatía de estudiantes de enfermería de una carrera de universidad pública en un estado de la región Sudeste de Brasil y evaluar su perfil con relación a los dominios: Toma de perspectiva, Flexibilidad interpersonal, Altruismo y Sensibilidad afectiva. Métodos Estudio exploratorio, realizado con estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, utilizando el Inventario de Empatía (IE), instrumento compuesto por 40 preguntas para evaluar cuatro dimensiones de la empatía. Resultados Del total de 193 participantes, 88,6 eran de sexo femenino, el 78,7 % menores de 25 años y un promedio de edad de 23,4 años (DP = ±4,8). Con relación al período de la carrera, 89 estudiantes (46,1 %) estaban entre el primer y cuarto semestre, 74 (38,4 %) entre el quinto y el octavo y 30 (15,5 %) cursaban el noveno y décimo semestre. Se verificó que los estudiantes tienen habilidades de empatía. Conclusión Los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería presentaron puntuaciones superiores al promedio en todas las dimensiones evaluadas por el IE, lo que demuestra que poseen un alto índice de empatía.

Abstract Objective To verify the degree of empathy of students attending the nursing program of a public university located in southeastern Brazil and assess their profile regarding the domains: Perspective Taking, Interpersonal Flexibility, Altruism, and Affective Sensibility. Methods Exploratory study conducted among undergraduate nursing students, using the Empathy Inventory (EI), a 40-item instrument designed to assess four dimensions of empathy. Results Of the total of 193 participants, 88.6% were women, 78.7% were under 25 years of age, with a mean of 23.4 years old (SD=±4.8). Regarding the semester, 89 (46.%) were attending between the first and fourth semesters, 74 (38.4%) between the fifth and eighth semesters, and 30 (15.5%) were attending the ninth or tenth semester. The undergraduate students presented empathy skills. Conclusion The nursing undergraduate students scored above the mean in all the dimensions assessed by the EI, showing a high level of empathy.

Health advocacy and primary health care: evidence for nursing.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze nursing actions involving health advocacy in the context of primary health care and the consolidation of this right to health. METHODS: this is an integrative literature review with content analysis of the results on health advocacy and its relationship with nursing in the context of primary health care. RESULTS: the content analysis of the seven selected studies resulted in two thematic categories: "Right to health - a complex and progressive consolidation movement in Brazil" and "Advocacy in health and nursing". CONCLUSIONS: despite the difficulties in defining the concept of health advocacy, nurses, in their practice, act with innovative alternatives to daily conflicts, exercising the users' right to health in their relationships with health team members and the community.

Profile of environmental service managers and workers in Brazilian hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: Contamination through the hands of professionals and surfaces is one of the main agents involved in health care-associated infections in health services. Flaws in the execution of hospital housekeeping can lead to the contamination of surfaces and health equipment though, representing a risk for patient safety and highlighting the need to maximize the quality of cleaning processes in these institutions. OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of managers and environmental service workers (ESWs) in Brazilian hospitals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in January 2018, involving 155 participants, being 12 managers and 143 workers from the housekeeping team of two health institutions, being one private and the other public. RESULTS: Most participants were female (86%), with a mean age of 45 years and primary education level, 52% being outsourced workers. The participants positively assessed their job satisfaction, satisfaction with training, basic knowledge and performance; nevertheless, situations were identified that were perceived as risks for patient safety and occupational health. The questions involving motivational incentives received the lowest scores. CONCLUSION: Inconsistencies were found in the housekeeping professionals'. Preparation, indicating that the institutions studied do not value this type of service and that an investment policy in these workers' motivation is lacking.

Empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates.

AIM: To analyze the empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates. BACKGROUND: Empathy is a fundamental skill for nursing practice and should be analyzed during the student's education. METHODS: Descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Participants were 968 undergraduate students, including 215 (22.2%) Brazilians from a university in the state of São Paulo and 753 (77.8%) Portuguese students from a higher education institution in central Portugal. The Portuguese and Brazilian versions of the Empathizing/Systemizing Quotient have good internal consistency and reliability. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: In Brazil, approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (protocol 191/2016) and in Portugal, from the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Higher School of Nursing (protocol P362-09/2016). RESULTS: Most (86%) participants were female and aged between 20 and 24 years. In the general profile analysis between both groups, the domains "Social Skills," "Contents," and "Processes" scored higher. Gender differences exist for the feeling of empathy and systemizing, as women scored better on the short version of the Empathy Quotient and men on the Systemizing Quotient. CONCLUSION: As demonstrated in the domain scores for "Social Skills," "Contents," and "Processes," the undergraduate nursing students analyzed have the ability to deal intuitively and spontaneously with social situations; they are also characterized as methodical people, who like to follow rules, and experience practice better than theory, and the women have a higher empathetic level than men, who in turn are more systemizing.

Health advocacy and primary health care: evidence for nursing / Defensa de la salud y atención primaria de salud: evidencias para enfermeira / Advocacia em saúde e atenção primária à saúde: evidências para enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze nursing actions involving health advocacy in the context of primary health care and the consolidation of this right to health. Methods: this is an integrative literature review with content analysis of the results on health advocacy and its relationship with nursing in the context of primary health care. Results: the content analysis of the seven selected studies resulted in two thematic categories: "Right to health - a complex and progressive consolidation movement in Brazil" and "Advocacy in health and nursing". Conclusions: despite the difficulties in defining the concept of health advocacy, nurses, in their practice, act with innovative alternatives to daily conflicts, exercising the users' right to health in their relationships with health team members and the community.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las acciones de enfermería que involucran la defensa de la salud en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud y la consolidación de este derecho de salud. Métodos: esta es una revisión integrativa de la literatura con análisis de contenido de los resultados sobre la defensa de la salud y su relación con la enfermería en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. Resultados: del análisis de contenido de los siete estudios seleccionados se originaron dos categorías del tema: "Derecho de salud: un movimiento complejo y progresivo de consolidación en Brasil" y "Defensa en salud y enfermería". Conclusiones: a pesar de las dificultades para definir el concepto de defensa de la salud, las enfermeras, en su práctica, actúan con alternativas innovadoras a los conflictos diarios, practicando el derecho de los usuarios a la salud en sus relaciones con miembros del equipo de salud y la comunidad.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as ações de enfermagem que envolvem advocacia em saúde no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde e a consolidação deste direito à saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura com análise de conteúdo dos resultados sobre a advocacia em saúde e sua relação com a enfermagem no contexto de atenção primária à saúde. Resultados: da análise de conteúdo dos sete estudos selecionados, originaram-se duas categorias do tema: "Direito à saúde - um movimento complexo e progressivo de consolidação no Brasil" e "Advocacia em saúde e Enfermagem". Conclus ões: apesar das dificuldades de definição do conceito de advocacia em saúde, os enfermeiros, em sua prática, atuam com alternativas inovadoras aos conflitos diários, exercendo o direito à saúde dos usuários em suas relações com membros da equipe de saúde e a comunidade.

Empathic profile of nursing freshmen.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the empathic profile and the empathy scores of freshmen of the nursing course. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Descriptive study involving 399 freshmen students of two modalities of nursing courses: Bachelor and Bachelor and Teaching Diploma, in the period from 2012 to 2015. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Empathy Inventory were applied. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The research received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. The students registered their acceptance to participate in the research by signing the Free and Informed Consent Form and anonymity was guaranteed. FINDINGS: The mean age of the participants was 19 years, being 85.5% female. The students were grouped by course modality and all groups presented high empathy scores. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found, which indicates that students of the Bachelor and Teaching Diploma program presented a higher degree of empathy for the General Score, Domain 2 (Interpersonal Flexibility), and Domain 3 (Altruism) in relation to students in the Bachelor program. CONCLUSION: Results show that nursing undergraduate freshmen are emphatic, with minimum differences between the two courses. This profile is relevant for the development of future professionals capable to demonstrate a balance between instrumental and expressive competences.

How to measure the empathy level of undergraduate nursing students? An integrative review / ¿como mensurar el nivel de empatia de alumnos de pregrado en enfermeria? Revision integradora / Como medir o grau empático de graduandos de enfermagem? Uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze available evidence in the literature on the measuring of empathy levels in nursing undergraduates. Method: integrative literature review developed in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and LILACS in September 2017. Results: among the 40 primary studies analyzed, 21 questionnaires were identified to measure the empathy levels of nursing undergraduates. Conclusion: different tools exist that are considered reliable to analyze the empathy level among nursing undergraduates.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre la mensuración de niveles de empatía en alumnos de pregrado en enfermería. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura desarrollada en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL y LILACS en septiembre del 2017. Resultados: entre los 40 estudios primarios analizados, fueron identificados 21 cuestionarios para mensurar los niveles de empatía de alumnos de pregrado en enfermería. Conclusión: existen diferentes herramientas que son consideradas confiables para analizar el nivel de empatía entre los alumnos de pregrado en enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre mensuração do grau empático de graduandos de enfermagem. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases PubMed, Web of Science, CINHAL e LILACS, em setembro de 2017. Resultados: entre os 40 estudos primários analisados, foram identificados 21 questionários para mensuração do grau empático de graduandos de enfermagem. Conclusão: existem diversos instrumentos considerados confiáveis para a análise do perfil empático entre graduandos de enfermagem.

Validação Semântica das versões curtas das Escalas de Medição do Quociente de Empatia/Sistematização e caracterização empática e sistemática de graduandos de enfermagem brasileiros e portugueses / Semantic validation of the short versions of the Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient and empathic and systematic characteristics of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing graduates

Empatia é a capacidade que temos de entender e compreender o outro. É um sentimento essencial no relacionamento interpessoal e importante entre os profissionais da área da saúde bem como com os pacientes. Os profissionais da enfermagem são os que estão diretamente em contato com os pacientes em tempo integral, e um cuidado humanizado constitui um diferencial na assistência prestada. Este estudo compreende três partes que se complementam: uma revisão integrativa da literatura, seguida pela validação semântica das versões curtas das escalas de medição do Quociente de Empatia/Sistematização e depois pela análise do perfil empático e sistemático de estudantes de enfermagem brasileiros e portugueses. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo sob nº 191/2016 e pela Comissão de Ética da Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem da Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra parecer nº P362-09/2016. A revisão integrativa foi direcionada a partir da pergunta norteadora: "Quais são as evidências disponíveis na literatura para mensuração do grau empático de graduandos de enfermagem?". As bases de dados pesquisadas foram PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL e LILACS, em busca de estudos primários publicados em todos os idiomas, sem limite de período. A validação semântica foi realizada por um comitê de cinco juízes, seguida de pré teste e aplicação das escalas junto a estudantes de enfermagem brasileiros. As versões finais foram consideradas confiáveis e válidas para mensurar o perfil empático e sistemático de graduandos de enfermagem e foi denominada de versões curtas das Escalas de Medição do Quociente de Empatia/Sistematização - Brasil. Em seguida, a escala foi aplicada em estudantes de enfermagem portugueses e brasileiros, tornando possível traçar o grau empático e sistemático dessas populações. Concluiu-se que os graduandos de enfermagem analisados possuem habilidade de lidar de forma intuitiva e espontânea em situações sociais, são pessoas metódicas, gostam de seguir regras, além de vivenciarem melhor a prática do que a teoria. As mulheres apresentaram grau empático maior que os homens, e estes se apresentaram mais sistematizados.

Empathy is our ability to understand the other. It is an essential feeling in interpersonal relationships and is important among the health professionals and with the patients. The nursing professionals are in direct and full-time contact with the patients, and humanized care represents a differential in care provision. This study consists of three complementary parts: an integrative literature review, followed by the semantic validation of the short versions of the Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient scales and then by the analysis of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing students' empathic and systematic profile. The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing under number 191/2016 and from the Ethics Commission of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing at Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra opinion P362-09/2016. The following question guided the integrative review: "What evidence is available in the literature to measure nursing undergraduates' degree of empathy?". The databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and LILACS were searched for primary studies published in all languages, without a time limit. A five-member expert committee performed the semantic validation, followed by a pretest and application of the scales to Brazilian nursing students. The final versions were considered reliable and valid to measure the empathic and systematic profile of nursing undergraduates and were called the short versions of the Escalas de Medição do Quociente de Empatia/Sistematização - Brasil. Then, the scale was applied to Portuguese and Brazilian nursing students, which permitted outlining these populations' empathic and systematic profile. It was concluded that the nursing undergraduates analyzed are able to cope with social situations intuitive and spontaneously, are methodical, like to follow rules and experience practice better than theory. The women presented a higher degree of empathy than the men, who proved to be more systematic.

Empathy in Brazilian nursing professionals: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Essential for the help relation, empathy is the ability to understand, share, and perceive the subjective experience of other human beings. OBJECTIVE: The objective in this non-experimental, exploratory, and descriptive research was to verify, observe, and document empathy in nursing professionals. RESEARCH DESIGN: Non-experimental, exploratory, and descriptive research. Participants and research context: the study was conducted at two large hospitals, one public and the other private, across all shifts. The sample included 159 individuals. A questionnaire was used to identify sociodemographic characteristics and the empathy inventory was applied. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, opinion 1348/2011, and authorization from the health institutions involved. FINDINGS: The association tests demonstrated that professionals working in the night shift and in a work scale rotation scheme, older professionals, and professionals with longer professional experience are less empathetic. On the other hand, professionals working in the day shift and in a single shift are more empathetic. Other influential factors are the time on the job, education, and work shift. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of empathy studies in professional practice contexts, in human resource development programs, and throughout the professional education process.