Autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares e o tipo de demência: resultados preliminares de uma amostra ambulatorial / Self-perception of health of family caregivers and the dementia type: preliminary results of an outpatients sample

A tarefa de cuidar de um familiar com demência é reconhecida como associada ao estresse crônico, e a problemas físicos e emocionais no cuidador. Entretanto, a influência do tipo de demência sobre a autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares ainda é pouco conhecida. Objetivos: Descrever características sociodemográficas e clínicas de uma amostra ambulatorial do Rio de Janeiro composta por pacientes com demência e seus cuidadores familiares, e examinar a relação entre o tipo de demência do paciente (VD: Demência Vascular; DA: Doença de Alzheimer; DM: Demência Mista) e a autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares. Métodos: A amostra (n=49) foi constituída por pacientes com demência e seus cuidadores familiares atendidos regularmente em um ambulatório de Psicogeriatria no Rio de Janeiro. Pacientes foram avaliados com Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais, Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico e Escala de Estadiamento da Demência. Cuidadores foram investigados com um Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico, que inclui questões de autopercepção de saúde física e emocional, além dos Inventários Beck de Depressão e Ansiedade, e Entrevista de Sobrecarga Zarit. Resultados: Cuidadores familiares de pacientes com DA apresentaram pior autopercepção de saúde física quando comparados aos familiares provedores de cuidados dos grupos dos outros tipos de demência, apesar da diferença não ter alcançado nível de significância estatística. A queixa de dor foi o problema físico mais frequente nos cuidadores nos três tipos diagnósticos...

Provide care for a demented relative is recognized as associated to chronic strain, and also to caregiver's physical and emotional problems. However, little is known about the influence of the dementia type on family caregiver health self-perception. Objectives: Describe sociodemographic and clinical factors of an outpatients sample in Rio de Janeiro composed by demented patients and their family caregivers, and to investigate the relation of the dementia type (Vascular Dementia: VaD; Alzheimer Disease: AD; Mixed Dementia: MD) with family caregivers health self-perception. Methods: Outpatients (n=49) with dementia were evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Clinical Dementia Rating. Caregivers were assessed with a Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, and Zarit Burden Interview. Results: Family caregivers of AD patients presented poorer physical health self-perception when compared to family caregivers of the other dementia types, however these differences did not reach the statistical level. Physical and emotional complains were reported by the majority of caregivers of all dementia types. Complaint of pain was the most frequent physical problem among the three diagnostic types...

Resting vagal control and resilience as predictors of cardiovascular allostasis in peacekeepers.

The body's adaptive reaction to a stressful event, an allostatic response, involves vigorous physiological engagement with and efficient recovery from stress. Our aim was to investigate the influence of individual predispositions on cardiac responses to and recovery from a standardized psychosocial stress task (Trier Social Stress Task) in peacekeepers. We hypothesized that those individuals with higher trait resilience and those with higher resting vagal control would be more likely to present an allostatic response: a vigorous cardiac response to stress (i.e., reduction in interbeat intervals and heart rate variability (HRV)) coupled with a significant cardiac recovery in the aftermath. Fifty male military personnel with a mean age of 25.4 years (SD ± 5.99) were evaluated after returning from a peacekeeping mission. Electrocardiogram recordings were made throughout the experimental session, which consisted five conditions: basal, speech preparation, speech delivery, arithmetic task, and recovery. Mean interbeat intervals and HRV were calculated for each condition. An Ego-Resilience Scale and resting vagal control assessed individual predispositions. Stress tasks reduced interbeat intervals (tachycardia) and HRV in comparison with basal, with return to basal in the aftermath (p < 0.001, for all comparisons). Resilience and resting vagal control correlated positively with cardiac parameters for both stress reactivity and recovery (r ≥ 0.29; p < 0.05). In conclusion, peacekeepers showing higher trait resilience and those with higher resting vagal control presented a more adaptive allostatic reaction characterized by vigorous cardiac response to stress (i.e., tachycardia and vagal withdrawal) and efficient cardiac recovery after stress cessation.

Health self-perception by dementia family caregivers: sociodemographic and clinical factors.

UNLABELLED: Caring for a demented family member has been associated with burden. Studies concerning health self-perception of family caregivers are still scarce. OBJECTIVE: To investigate caregivers perceived health and to look into relationships with patients and caregivers' sociodemographic and clinical data. METHOD: Dyads of dementia outpatients and family caregivers (n=137) were assessed with Mini Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Clinical Dementia Rating. Caregivers answered Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Zarit Burden Interview and Maslach Burnout Inventory. RESULTS: Caregivers poor perceived health was associated with emotional exhaustion, burden, depression and anxiety. Logistic regression analyses revealed caregivers' age, anxiety and physical problem as the main predictors of health self-perception. CONCLUSION: Aged family caregivers with anxiety who also report physical problem characterize a group at risk for poor self-perceived health. Evaluation of health self-perception may be useful for designing interventions to improve anxiety and physical health.

Health self-perception by dementia family caregivers: sociodemographic and clinical factors / Autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares de pacientes com demência: fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos

Caring for a demented family member has been associated with burden. Studies concerning health self-perception of family caregivers are still scarce. OBJECTIVE: To investigate caregivers perceived health and to look into relationships with patients and caregivers' sociodemographic and clinical data. METHOD: Dyads of dementia outpatients and family caregivers (n=137) were assessed with Mini Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Clinical Dementia Rating. Caregivers answered Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Zarit Burden Interview and Maslach Burnout Inventory. RESULTS: Caregivers poor perceived health was associated with emotional exhaustion, burden, depression and anxiety. Logistic regression analyses revealed caregivers' age, anxiety and physical problem as the main predictors of health self-perception. CONCLUSION: Aged family caregivers with anxiety who also report physical problem characterize a group at risk for poor self-perceived health. Evaluation of health self-perception may be useful for designing interventions to improve anxiety and physical health.

Cuidar de familiar com demência tem sido associado a sobrecarga. Estudos sobre autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores ainda são escassos. OBJETIVO: Investigar autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores e relação entre dados sociodemográficos e clínicos de cuidadores e pacientes. MÉTODO: Díades de pacientes demenciados e cuidadores familiares (n=137) foram avaliados pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais, Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico e Escala de Avaliação Clínica da Demência. Cuidadores responderam ao Questionário Sociodemográfico, Inventários Beck de Depressão e Ansiedade, de Sobrecarga Zarit e de Burnout Maslach. RESULTADOS: Pior percepção de saúde associou-se a exaustão emocional, sobrecarga, depressão e ansiedade. Análise de regressão logística revelou idade, ansiedade e problema físico como principais preditores da percepção de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Cuidadores familiares idosos, com ansiedade e problema físico, constituem grupo de risco para pior percepção de saúde. Avaliação da percepção de saúde pode ser útil em intervenções para melhorar ansiedade e saúde física.

Negative affect predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms in Brazilian volunteer United Nations peacekeepers in Haiti.

Our study evaluated the relationship between positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) traits on the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among peacekeepers. A longitudinal study with 138 army personnel deployed to a peacekeeping mission in Haiti was conducted. An instrument for measuring PA and NA traits was used before deployment. PTSS, indexed by posttraumatic stress disorder Checklist--Military Version (PCL-M) and frequency of stressful situations were measured after return. Regression analysis showed that both NA and number of stressful situations contributed toward increasing PCL-M scores (Adjusted R = 0.25; p < 0.001). We also found that NA traits interact with intensively stressful situations enhancing the occurrence of PTSS (Adjusted R = 0.32; p < 0.001). These findings suggest that NA traits are an important predictor for PTSS among peacekeepers and also worsen the consequences of being exposed to stressful situations.

Peritraumatic tonic immobility predicts a poor response to pharmacological treatment in victims of urban violence with PTSD.

INTRODUCTION: Tonic immobility is the last defense against predation in animals and is characterized by paralysis and analgesia. In humans, it has only been reported in women victims of sexual abuse. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the prevalence of peritraumatic tonic immobility (PTI) in patients with PTSD and investigated its association with response to treatment. METHOD: Victims of urban violence with PTSD diagnosed through the SCID-IV (n=23) underwent a naturalistic pharmacological treatment according to the recommended guidelines for PTSD. The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist--Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Severity scores were applied at baseline and endpoint. PTI was assessed using the Tonic Immobility Scale. RESULTS: PTI was reported by both genders in 43% of the sample. Patients with PTI responded significantly poorly to treatment than those without it, either considering the PCL-C or the CGI scores. LIMITATIONS: This study probed PTI retrospectively and was based on a small sample recruited in a tertiary clinic. CONCLUSIONS: We have expanded the scope of the two previous investigations on PTI by showing its occurrence also in men and during non-sexual violence. In addition, the finding of a significant relationship between PTI and poor response to treatment of PTSD indicates that PTI may carry a prognostic value in this disorder and suggests that PTI should be routinely assessed in traumatized patients.

Sexual function and dysfunction in Brazilian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder.

We compared the history, the profile, and the severity of sexual symptoms of 31 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to those of 26 patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) by means of the Sexual Inventory of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the Clinical Interview for the Diagnosis of DSM-IV Sexual Disorders, the Female Sexual Function Index, the International Index of Erectile Function, the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale, and the Sexual Behavior Inventory. Patients with OCD reported more difficulties to reach orgasm (p = 0.009), less frequent effective erections (p = 0.05), and a positive history of sexual abuse (p = 0.006) significantly more often than patients with SAD. Male patients with SAD reported not using contraceptive methods significantly more frequently than male patients with OCD (p = 0.007). Patients with OCD and patients with SAD exhibit different profiles of sexual behavior.

History of trauma and dissociative symptoms among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder.

We aimed to compare the history of trauma and the profile and severity of dissociative symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to those of patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Patients with OCD (n = 34) and patients with SAD (n = 30) were examined with the following instruments: Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Patients with OCD reported significantly lower rates of exposure to traumatic events. Nevertheless, the severity of dissociative symptoms was not significantly different between the groups. Regression analyses showed that, while the OCI scores better predicted the variance on DES scores in the OCD sample, the LSAS and the BAI better predicted the variance on the DES among patients with SAD. Patients with OCD are probably less vulnerable to some types of traumatic experiences. Dissociative symptoms may cut across different anxiety disorders.

Equivalência semântica da versão em português da Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) para rastreamento do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático / Semantic equivalence of the Portuguese version of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) for the screening of post-traumatic stress disorder

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) é bastante prevalente, atingindo de 2 a 5 por cento da população em alguns países. Seus portadores apresentam pior qualidade de vida, maior número de detenções e problemas legais, e utilizam os serviços de saúde com maior freqüência quando comparados a indivíduos não acometidos. Apesar do crescimento da violência urbana no Brasil, ainda não dispomos de nenhum instrumento adaptado para nossa língua que seja capaz de rastrear o TEPT. Este artigo pretende traduzir, adaptar e avaliar a aplicabilidade da versão em português da Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C), uma escala auto-aplicável amplamente utilizada em todo o mundo para rastreamento do transtorno do estresse pós-traumático. MÉTODOS: A comprovação da equivalência semântica da versão em português da PCL-C foi feita através de quatro etapas: tradução; retradução; apreciação formal de equivalência e adaptação; e interlocução com a população-alvo. RESULTADOS: Foi criada uma versão em português da PCL-C que manteve o significado semântico da versão original e mostrou-se de fácil compreensão e aplicabilidade. DISCUSSÃO: A PCL-C foi escolhida para este estudo por ser um instrumento amplamente utilizado em países de língua inglesa e por possuir outras utilidades além do rastreamento do TEPT. A interlocução com a população-alvo, feita com um número relativamente pequeno de indivíduos (n = 21), mostrou que alguns participantes entenderam o termo "estresse" como uma rotina de vida cansativa. CONCLUSÃO: Uma vez obtida a equivalência semântica da versão em português da PCL-C, estudos posteriores deverão determinar suas características psicométricas para a população brasileira.