RESUMO
METHODS: In this study, qRT-PCR was used to investigate the expression levels of the SOX15 gene and of miR-182, miR-183, miR-375, and miR-96 in thyroid tumors and adjacent noncancerous tissues. We also investigated the methylation status of the SOX15 promoter by methylation-specific PCR in tumors and adjacent noncancerous tissues. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant downregulation of SOX15 expression in tumors compared to noncancerous tissue samples. The methylation levels of tumors and matched noncancerous tissues were similar, but miR-182, miR-183, and miR-375 expression levels were elevated in tumor tissues compared to noncancerous tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that SOX15 gene expression is associated with the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and the epigenetic control of the SOX15 gene is regulated by miRNAs rather than by promoter methylation.
Assuntos
Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Inativação Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOX/antagonistas & inibidores , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/patologia , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Fatores de Transcrição SOX/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOX/metabolismo , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/genética , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Several studies report that ADHD is associated with reduced gray matter (GM), whereas others report no differences in GM volume between ADHD patients and controls, and some even report more GM volume in individuals with ADHD. These conflicting findings suggest that reduced GM is not a universal finding in ADHD, and that more research is needed to delineate with greater accuracy the range of GM alterations. METHOD: The present study aimed to identify GM alterations in ADHD using pediatric templates. 19 drug-naïve ADHD patients and 18 controls, all aged 7 to 14 years, were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Relative to the controls, the ADHD patients had more GM, predominantly in the precentral and supplementary motor areas. Moreover, there were positive correlations between GM volume in these areas and ADHD scale scores. CONCLUSION: The clinical and pathophysiological significance of increased GM in the motor areas remains to be elucidated by additional research.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Encefalopatias/patologia , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Córtex Motor/patologia , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to explore how cues signaling rewards and feedbacks about rewards are processed in ADHD. METHOD: Inside the scanner, 16 healthy children and 19 children with ADHD completed a spatial attention paradigm where cues informed about the availability of reward and feedbacks were provided about the earned reward. RESULTS: In ventral anterior thalamus (VA), the controls exhibited greater activation in response to reward-predicting cues, as compared with no-reward cues, whereby in the ADHD group, the reverse pattern was observed (nonreward > reward). For feedbacks; absence of rewards produced greater activation than presence in the left caudate and frontal eye field for the control group, whereas for the ADHD group, the reverse pattern was again observed (reward > nonreward). DISCUSSION: The present findings indicate that ADHD is associated with difficulty integrating reward contingency information with the orienting and regulatory phases of attention.