The relationship of pain intensity and opioid craving with delayed methadone dose: A preliminary study of individuals with opioid use disorder.

AIMS: Despite a strong theoretical link between opioid craving and pain, little is known about the temporal relationship between pain and craving and the acute experience of pain in the context of methadone treatment. Using a cross-over design, the current study evaluated the time course of pain and craving and objective experience of pain as a function of the last methadone dose. METHODS: Participants (n = 20) presented for the study in the morning and either received methadone dose as scheduled or delayed dose until the afternoon. During the 4-h study visit, participants completed a series of tasks, including repeated assessment of pain and craving at 0, +40, +70, +130, +160 and +240 min and a cold pressor test (CPT) at +15 and +220 min. RESULTS: Separate mixed model results demonstrated no effect of dosing condition on craving; however, there was a significant dosing condition by time interaction (F(5,209) = 3.38, P = .006) such that pain increased over time in the delayed methadone condition but decreased in time in the scheduled methadone condition. A mixed model predicting self-reported pain revealed a three-way interaction between dosing condition, craving and time (F(5,197) = 2.39, P = .039) explained by a positive association between craving and pain at each time point (except 240 min) in delayed condition (P-range = .004-.0001). A separate mixed model on CPT data indicated a significant condition by time interaction such that pain threshold decreased in the delayed, but not scheduled, condition (F(1,57) = 4.01, P = .050). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings highlight the potential for increased risks after even a short delay in receiving a methadone dose.

Effects of acute alcohol administration on working memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

RATIONALE: Alcohol-induced executive function deficits may underlie associations between alcohol, self-regulation, and hazardous behaviors. Studies examining the effects of alcohol administration on working memory, an important executive functioning component, have produced mixed findings. Acute alcohol effects on working memory remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of acute alcohol administration on working memory outcomes in studies of healthy adults. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO from inception to June 2021. Studies were included if they met criteria, including healthy participants and administration of quantified alcohol doses against comparative controls. Data extracted included primary working memory outcomes, alcohol doses, and study characteristics. Study quality was assessed using an established validity measure. Working memory task type, alcohol dose, control condition type, and sex/gender composition were explored as moderators using mixed-effects models and meta-regressions. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies (1629 participants) provided sufficient data for 54 comparisons between alcohol and control conditions. Random-effects meta-analysis indicated that alcohol administration produced significant, small- to medium-sized working memory decrements (g [95% CI] = - 0.300 [- 0.390 to - 0.211], p < 0.001). Moderation analyses suggested that these effects differed as a function of task type, dose, control condition type, and sex/gender composition. The average quality rating across studies was good. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol administration significantly impaired working memory performance, particularly when executive-related manipulation processes were involved. Future research is needed to investigate how alcohol-induced working memory impairments relate to compromised self-regulation, hazardous behavior, and negative drinking consequences.

Comparison of attitudes towards the service connection claims process among veterans filing for PTSD and veterans filing for musculoskeletal disorders.

ABSTRACT: Many veterans have negative views about the service connection claims process for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which likely impacts willingness to file service connection claims, re-file claims, and use Veterans Healthcare Administration care. Nevertheless, veterans have reported that PTSD claims are important to them for the financial benefits, validation of prior experience and harm, and self-other issues such as pleasing a significant other. It is unknown if reported attitudes are specific to PTSD claimants or if they would be similar to those submitting claims for other disorders, such as musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare attitudes and beliefs about service connection processes between veterans submitting service connection claims for PTSD and musculoskeletal disorders.Participants were Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans filing service connection claims for PTSD (n = 218) or musculoskeletal disorder (n = 257) who completed a modified Disability Application Appraisal Inventory. This secondary data analysis using multiple regression models tested the effect of demographics, clinical characteristics, and claim type on 5 Disability Application Appraisal Inventory subscales: Knowledge about service connection claims, Negative Expectations about the process, and importance of Financial Benefits, importance of Validation of veteran's experience/condition, and importance of Self-Other attitudes.The PTSD group assigned significantly less importance to financial benefits than the musculoskeletal disorder group. In addition, the subset of the PTSD group without depression had significantly more Negative Expectations than musculoskeletal disorder claimants without depression. Negative Expectations did not differ between the PTSD and musculoskeletal disorder groups with depression. Depression was significantly positively associated with Negative Expectations, importance of Financial Benefits, and importance of Validation.Most perceptions around seeking service connection are not specific to PTSD claimants. Depression is associated with having negative expectations about service connection claims and motivations to file claims. Addressing depression and negative expectations during the compensation and pension process might help veterans at this important point of contact with Veterans Healthcare Administration services.

A psychosocial mediational model of homelessness among U.S. male and female veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Few studies have focused on homelessness among Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans, especially female veterans. An explanatory model of homelessness was constructed and tested for each gender. Data collected in the United States from 833 OEF/OIF/OND veterans (41.5% female; Mage  = 35.22, SD = 8.86) who completed the baseline assessment of the Survey of the Experiences of Returning Veterans between September 2011 and July 2014 were analysed. Path analysis was used to examine associations between risk factors and any lifetime homelessness, stratified by gender. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) and low social support were significantly associated with lifetime homelessness for both genders. Social support mediated associations between ACEs and homelessness, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. While sociodemographic risk factors are often considered in homeless prevention, these findings highlight the importance of social support among male and female OEF/OIF/OND veterans, underscoring the need to target this life domain in preventing homelessness.

Systematic Review of Pain Severity and Opioid Craving in Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate measurement and associations between pain severity and opioid craving in individuals with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy and/or with opioid use disorder. STUDY DESIGN: . Systematic review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. METHODS: . The PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched in October 2018. Eligible studies evaluated pain severity and opioid craving in individuals with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy and/or with opioid use disorder. Two reviewers independently screened eligible studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. RESULTS: Of 625 studies, 16 fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria of this review and were grouped by diagnostic focus (i.e., chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy, opioid use disorder, or both). Methods of assessment varied considerably across studies, especially with respect to opioid craving in chronic pain populations. Mean levels of pain were at what is considered moderate to severe in individuals with chronic pain and/or opioid use disorder. There was a modest positive relationship between pain and opioid craving that was more pronounced in studies of individuals with opioid use disorder compared with those with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Pain severity and opioid craving are likely related, but inconsistencies in measurement limit confidence. The overall quality of evidence is moderate, and careful consideration of how pain and craving are assessed in both chronic pain and opioid use disorder patients is warranted.

Alcohol treatment goal choice predicts longitudinal drinking outcomes in adolescent substance users.

Social cognitive theory suggests that when individuals select their own goals, they work harder to achieve them as compared to clinician-imposed goals. Moreover, achieving goals during the course of treatment may increase self-efficacy, which could positively predict outcome. Research in clinical samples of adults with alcohol use disorder supports the utility of treatment goal choice in predicting longitudinal outcomes; a total abstinence (TA) goal choice has been associated with better clinical outcomes (e.g. greater percentage of days abstinent, more days to relapse to heavy drinking) compared to a controlled use (CU) goal choice. Treatment of adolescents presents unique challenges, because adolescents tend to be resistant to treatment and often enter treatment in response to external pressures (e.g. parent, school system). Data from 110 adolescents aged 14 to 18 were collected upon admission to outpatient substance use disorder treatment. A series of hierarchical linear regressions was used to test the utility of the alcohol treatment goal choice variable in predicting drinking outcomes at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. Separate models were run to examine binge drinking days, percentage of days abstinent, and drinks per drinking day at each time point. Goal choice significantly predicted drinking outcomes at the 12-month follow-up, but not at the 6- or 24-month time points, such that TA goal choice was associated with better clinical outcomes. These findings are relevant to treatment planning, as they suggest that goal choice may have clinical utility as a predictor of alcohol use disorder clinical course in adolescents.

Motivation Precedes Goal Setting in Prediction of Cannabis Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents.

Studies have shown that motivation to change is related to better substance use outcomes among treatment-seeking adolescents. Goal setting, which may be related to motivation, also has been shown to be associated with positive treatment outcomes. However, relationships between motivation and goal setting as mediators of change in cannabis use over time among treated youth have not been investigated. This study tested direct and indirect associations of motivation and goal setting with cannabis use frequency over 12 month follow-up among treated adolescents. A longitudinal study of 163 adolescents enrolled in intensive outpatient substance use treatment (mean age = 16.69, 34% female, 87% Caucasian) provided repeated assessment of motivation, goal setting, and cannabis use. Path analysis tested direct and indirect effects of motivation and goal setting on cannabis use. A comparison of two path models that tested motivation and goal setting independently showed that goal setting had better model fit and accounted for more of the variance in 6-month (R2 = .35) and 12-month (R2 = .46) cannabis use frequency than motivation (R2 = .28, .44, respectively). When both mediators were included in the same model, better model fit was found for motivation preceding goal setting in the context of double mediation. Overall, results suggest that goal setting, or the combination of motivation preceding goal setting in a double mediation model, predicted lower cannabis use in treated adolescents.

Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on executive functions controlling self-regulated behavior.

Alcohol consumption may lead to deficits in the executive functions that govern self-regulation. These deficits could lead to risk-taking behaviors; therefore, it is important to determine the magnitude of these deficits on executive functioning. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the acute effects of alcohol on three of the executive functions that are hypothesized to affect self-regulation, which are inhibition, set shifting, and working memory, using a mixed-methods study design. The participants were 75 moderate or heavy drinkers between the ages of 21 and 35 who were randomized into one of three beverage conditions (control, placebo, or 0.65-g alcohol dose/kg body weight). Performance on working memory, set shifting, and inhibition were measured pre- and post-beverage consumption. The results showed only a significant interaction in the working memory data, as there was an increase in performance post-beverage relative to pre-beverage for the control participants as compared to the alcohol and placebo participants. It was concluded that the dose of alcohol (BAC = 0.063%) given to moderate to heavy drinkers was not sufficient to cause significant impairment in the executive functions tested. The results were further discussed and methodological concerns were considered, such as the low BAC achieved, practice effects, and insensitivity of tasks.

Cocaine Use and Sexual Risk Among Individuals With Severe Mental Illness.

OBJECTIVE: Rates of HIV remain elevated in select populations such as those with severe mental illness and also among those who abuse cocaine, a vehicle through which risky sexual behavior may occur. The objective of the present narrative review was to synthesize the literature regarding stimulant use and its association with sexual risk among individuals with severe mental illness. METHODS: This narrative review of the literature utilized Boolean search logic and the PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES databases to identify articles that explored the relationships among stimulant use, risky sexual behavior, and severe mental illness. Only one article was identified that examined a stimulant other than cocaine. Thus, the review was further limited to the impact that cocaine has on risky sexual behavior among those with severe mental illness. RESULTS: Of the 87 abstracts obtained, 58 underwent a full text review and eight were included in the final review. Studies had a mean sample size of 110 and predominantly consisted of male (64%) outpatients. Study designs were largely cross-sectional and almost exclusively relied on retrospective participant report of sexual behavior and drug use. The extant literature indicates a positive association between cocaine and risky sexual behavior among those with a diagnosed severe mental illness. Risky behaviors associated with cocaine included reporting a greater number of partners as well as a higher degree of involvement in the sex trade. The positive association observed between cocaine and partner-related risk, however, did not extend to condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Further research that utilizes better defined and operationalized constructs to investigate relationships among stimulant use, severe mental illness, and sexual risk, particularly condom use, is warranted and is necessary to advance the field.

Reliability and Validity of a Treatment Barriers Scale for Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have measured addiction-specific barriers to treatment. A measurement of barriers with psychometric support that has been tested in diverse samples and that assesses multiple components of addiction treatment barriers is needed to inform providers and treatment programs. OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to provide an initial psychometric investigation of a measure of barriers to seeking addictions treatment. METHODS: Data were collected from 196 Veterans Affairs primary care patients with Alcohol Use Disorder that participated in a randomized clinical trial. RESULTS: A Principal Components Analysis revealed that the 32-item Treatment Barriers Scale (TBS) can be reduced to 14 items, measuring 4 factors: stigma, dislike of the treatment process, alcohol problem identification, and logistical concerns. Acceptable internal consistent reliability (α = .64-.76) and excellent precision of alpha (α = 0.001-0.009) was found for each subscale. Support for the measure's concurrent validity was found, for example, participants who reported more motivation to reduce their drinking perceived significantly fewer barriers to care. Support for the measure's predictive validity was also found, including that more barriers were related to future drinking among all participants and less mental health and addictions treatment visits among participants in one treatment condition. Conclusions/ Importance: Our results provide initial support for the utility of the TBS-14 among primary care patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Use of the TBS-14 could enable healthcare providers to better understand patient-specific treatment barriers, provide corrective information on treatment misconceptions, and inform individualized treatment plans that increase patient engagement in addiction services.

Mental health predictors of veterans willingness to consider research participation.

This study aimed to determine whether mental health factors predict Veterans' willingness to hear about research participation opportunities. A sample of 954 Veterans completed measures to assess psychological functioning and were asked about interest in clinical research opportunities and willingness to share de-identified personal data with researchers. Of these Veterans, 75.8% were willing to listen to research opportunities at their local VA, and 100% agreed to share de-identified information. Poorer mental health correlated with a greater willingness to listen to research opportunities implying that Veterans who are experiencing a greater degree of mental health impairment may be overrepresented in clinical studies.

Dimensions of disinhibited personality and their relation with alcohol use and problems.

Although alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have been associated with different aspects of disinhibited personality and antisociality, less is known about the specific relationships among different domains of disinhibited personality, antisociality, alcohol use, and alcohol problems. The current study was designed to address three goals, (i) to provide evidence of a three-factor model of disinhibited personality (comprised of impulsivity [IMP], risk taking/low harm avoidance [RTHA], excitement seeking [ES]), (ii) to test hypotheses regarding the association between each dimension and alcohol use and problems, and (iii) to test the hypothesis that antisociality (social deviance proneness [SDP]) accounts for the direct association between IMP and alcohol problems, while ES is directly related to alcohol use. Measures of disinhibited personality IMP, RTHA, ES and SDP and alcohol use and problems were assessed in a sample of young adults (N=474), which included a high proportion of individuals with AUDs. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model of disinhibited personality reflecting IMP, RTHA, and ES. A structural equation model (SEM) showed that IMP was specifically associated with alcohol problems, while ES was specifically associated with alcohol use. In a second SEM, SDP accounted for the majority of the variance in alcohol problems associated with IMP. The results suggest that aspects of IMP associated with SDP represent a direct vulnerability to alcohol problems. In addition, the results suggest that ES reflects a specific vulnerability to excessive alcohol use, which is then associated with alcohol problems, while RTHA is not specifically associated with alcohol use or problems when controlling for IMP and ES.