Dying to Quit: Understanding the Burden of Tobacco in Psychiatric Patients-A Clinical Review.

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and remains a critical public health challenge. The burden of disease caused by smoking is disproportionately borne by persons living with mental illness. Public health efforts to address smoking have not historically translated to a significant reduction in smoking prevalence among patients with mental illness. Smoking is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality among psychiatric patients who smoke at 1.7 to 3.3 times the rate of the general population. Among those with serious mental illness, tobacco-related illness accounts for half of all deaths. Nicotine dependence also interferes with treatment and worsens many psychiatric symptoms. Interventions are underutilized due to persistent misunderstandings regarding tobacco cessation for patients who are mentally ill. Addressing these misunderstandings is crucial in targeting the disparate rates of smoking in this population. Therefore, it is incumbent on psychiatrists to address the outsized effect that smoking has on patients with mental illness.

COVID-19 related disruptions to medical education and perceived clinical capability of new resident physicians: a nationwide study of over 1200 first-year residents.

The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the final year of undergraduate medical education for thousands of medical students across the globe. Out of concern for spreading SARS-CoV-2 and conserving personal protective equipment, many students experienced declines in bedside clinical exposures. The perceived competency of this class within the context of the pandemic is unclear. We designed and distributed a survey to measure the degree to which recent medical school graduates from the USA felt clinically prepared on 13 core clinical skills. Of the 1283 graduates who matched at HCA Healthcare facilities, 90% (1156) completed the survey. In this national survey, most participants felt they were competent in their clinical skills. However, approximately one out of four soon-to-be residents felt they were clinically below where they should be with regard to calling consultations, performing procedures, and performing pelvic and rectal exams. One in five felt they were below where they should be with regard to safely transitioning care. These perceived deficits in important skill sets suggest the need for evaluation and revised educational approaches in these areas, especially when traditional in-person practical skills teaching and practice are disrupted.

Acute mania following COVID-19 in a woman with no past psychiatric history case report.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic that began in late 2019 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Since that time, many neuropsychiatric sequelae including psychosis, neurocognitive disorders, and mood disorders have been observed. The mechanism underlying these effects are currently unknown, however several mechanisms have been proposed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old woman with past medical history including hypertension and premenstrual syndrome but no psychiatric history presented to the psychiatric hospital with new onset mania. She had developed symptoms of COVID-19 and was later diagnosed with COVID pneumonia. During quarantine, she reported high levels of stress, grief, and anxiety. Seventeen days into her illness, she developed altered mental status, sleeplessness, elevated mood, talkativeness, and preoccupations. Her spouse was concerned for her safety and contacted emergency medical services who brought her to the psychiatric hospital. She had not slept for five days prior to her arrival and exhibited flight of ideas, talkativeness, and grandiose ideas. She reported a family history of bipolar disorder but no past manic or depressive episodes. She was diagnosed with acute mania and stabilized using antipsychotics, a mood stabilizer, and a short course of a benzodiazepine. Many of her symptoms improved, including her elevated mood, increased activity level, and flight of ideas though she continued to have decreased need for sleep as her benzodiazepine was tapered. She and her partner were agreeable to transitioning to outpatient care after her mood stabilized. CONCLUSIONS: This report emphasizes the link between COVID-19 and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Acute mania has no recognized association with COVID-19, but similar presentations have been reported. The patient's age and time to onset of psychiatric symptoms is consistent with previous reports. Given the growing body of evidence, this association warrants further investigation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 causes systemic inflammation and has been shown to be neurotropic. In addition, patients undergoing quarantine experience anxiety related to the disease in addition to social isolation. Psychiatric practitioners should be aware of these effects and advocate for psychiatric evaluation following COVID-19 infection. Understanding the sequelae of infectious disease is crucial for responding to future pandemics.

Lemongrass essential oil and its major constituent citral isomers modulate adipogenic gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells.

Obesity is a predisposing factor to diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Lemongrass essential oil (LEO), from Cymbopogon flexuosus, possesses numerous therapeutic properties including modulation of obesity in vivo. This experiment investigated the effect of LEO and its major components citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal), citral dimethyl acetal (1,1-dimethoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene), and citral diethyl acetal (1,1-diethoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene) in modulation of adipogenesis and genetic expression in adipocytes. Adipogenesis was induced from murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes procured from ATCC and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) enriched with calf serum. Differentiation was conducted using DMEM enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum, Dexamethasone 0.25 µM, 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine 0.5 mM, and insulin 10 mg/ml for 2 days, followed by 5 days of insulin 10 mg/ml alone. Samples were subjected to experimental treatments at a concentration of 2.5 × 10-3 . Intracellular triglycerides were quantified and photomicrographs were obtained following Oil red O (ORO) staining procedure. Total ribonucleic acid was extracted and expression of genes effecting in lipid metabolism were quantitated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. ORO staining procedure and spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated decreased lipid accumulation following treatments. LEO and its major constituents significantly inhibited expression of sterol response binding protein 2, cluster of differentiation 36, fatty acid binding protein 4, and peripilin. These results indicate modulation of lipid accumulation through decreased lipid uptake, increased lipolysis, decreased differentiation, and downregulated lipid biosynthesis. This investigation suggests that LEO and its constituents exert effects on adipocyte metabolism and are important for understanding metabolic disease. Further investigation is required to elucidate the degree that each mechanism implicated contributes to the observed effect.

Induction of Adipogenic Genes by Novel Serum-Free Conditions From Pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 and ST2 Cells.

Introduction Obesity, defined as a condition of excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, is a global epidemic implicated in a myriad of processes deleterious to human health. It has become one of the leading impediments to public health globally. The study of obesity necessitates adipocyte models, which commonly employ a medium enriched with adipogenic hormones and fetal bovine serum (FBS) to culture terminal adipocytes. In the current study, we developed a novel protocol for serum-free differentiation of 3T3-L1 and ST2 pre-adipocytes using media enriched with free fatty acids (FFA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Differentiation was characterized by measuring FFA uptake and changes in expression of adipogenic genes. The novel protocol was also compared against the existing serum-inclusive method. Methods The National Institutes of Health (NIH)-3T3-L1 and ST2 pre-adipocyte cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% calf serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin and Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI) with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin mixture, respectively, at 37℃, 5% CO2 in a humidified atmosphere. Differentiation was induced using a mixture of 0.25 µM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), 10 µg/mL insulin, or 1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS). Cells were cultured in serum-free media containing DMEM with BSA (2.5%) and lipid mixture 1 (LM1 1%) as well as serum-inclusive media enriched with 10% FBS. Total RNA was extracted, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using delta-delta Ct method, also known as the 2-∆∆Ct  method. Ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0) was used as a house-keeping gene for quantitation of relative expressions. Results We observed an increase in fatty acid accumulation relative to controls using Oil Red O neutral lipid staining and spectrophotometry. This result was consistent with the effects of the serum-inclusive method. Differentiation was further confirmed by increased gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors - peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα); adipogenic genes - fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4/aP2) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36); and the lipogenic gene - perilipin by using quantitative RT-PCR. Conclusion Our data suggest that serum-free differentiation can significantly enhance the free fatty acid accumulation as well as adipogenic gene expression in both NIH-3T3-L1 and ST2 pre-adipocyte cells. Given the shortcomings of FBS, this method may provide advantages to the serum-inclusive protocols described previously.