RESUMO
After disappointing results from all efficacy trials conducted to date, the field of microbicides research now faces substantial challenges. Poor coordination among interested parties and the choice of nonvalidated scientific targets for phase III studies have hampered progress and created mistrust about the use of microbicides as a method to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Although new promising strategies are available, there will need to be serious reappraisals of how decisions are made to advance the next generations of candidates into clinical trials, and the use of appropriate animal models in this process will be critical.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Polímeros/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/administração & dosagem , Doenças Vaginais/prevenção & controle , Administração Intravaginal , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Masculino , Cooperação do Paciente , Polieletrólitos , Polímeros/farmacologia , Polímeros/uso terapêutico , Primatas , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Doenças Vaginais/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
3-Aryl-5-phenyl-(1,2,4)-triazoles were identified as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). They are active in both in vitro and an in vivo mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model. The synthesis and structure activity relationships are presented.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos , Hipoglicemiantes , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/síntese química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Modelos Químicos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/síntese química , Triazóis/farmacologia , Triazóis/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Systematic modification of a screening lead yielded a class of potent glycinamide based CCR2 antagonists. The best compound (55, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-{[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(3-thienyl)acetamide) displayed good binding affinity (IC50=30 and 39 nM) toward human monocytes and CHO cell expressing human CCR2b, respectively. Functionally, it blocked MCP-1 (CCL2)-induced calcium mobilization (IC50=50 nM) and chemotaxis mediated through the CCR2 receptor (9.6 nM). It is selective against other chemokine receptors tested.
Assuntos
Glicina/análogos & derivados , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Quimiocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Células CHO/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL2/antagonistas & inibidores , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Cricetinae , Glicina/síntese química , Glicina/química , Glicina/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Biológicos , Receptores CCR2 , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Replacement of the pentyl chain on our original bicyclo[2.2.2]octyltriazole leads 1 and 2 has led to the discovery that heteroaryl substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octyltriazoles are potent and selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11beta-HSD1) inhibitors with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis/química , Triazóis/uso terapêutico , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Camundongos , Triazóis/síntese químicaRESUMO
Kv1.3, the voltage-gated potassium channel in human T cells, represents a new target for treating immunosuppression and autoimmune diseases. Correolide (1), a pentacyclic natural product, is a potent and selective Kv1.3 channel blocker. Simplification of correolide via removal of its E-ring generates enone 4, whose modification produced a new series of tetracyclic Kv1.3 blockers. The structure-activity relationship for this class of compounds in two functional assays, Rb_Kv and human T cell proliferation, is presented herein. The most potent analog 43 is 15-fold more potent than correolide as inhibitor of human T cell proliferation.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação do Canal Iônico/efeitos dos fármacos , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Potássio/farmacologia , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Bioensaio , Humanos , Imunossupressores/química , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Canal de Potássio Kv1.3 , Modelos Moleculares , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Potássio/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Linfócitos T , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a product of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, has been implicated in atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms for the atherogenic effect of LTB4 are not well understood. This study is to determine candidate mechanisms. METHOD AND RESULTS: Primary human monocytes were treated with LTB4 and the supernatant was analyzed for cytokine/chemokine production by an immuno-protein array. This analysis revealed a strong increase of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Follow-up analyses with MCP-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (for quantitation of MCP-1 protein) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (for MCP-1 mRNA) demonstrated that LTB4 strongly induced expression of MCP-1 protein and mRNA in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. This induction was effectively abolished by CP-105,696, an antagonist for the LTB4 receptor BLT1. Selective inhibitors of ERK1/2 or JNK MAPK effectively blocked the LTB4-induced MCP-1 production. Furthermore, LTB4 increased NF-[kappa]B DNA binding activity, which was blocked by CP-105,696. CONCLUSIONS: LTB4 strongly induces MCP-1 production in primary human monocytes. This induction is mediated through the BLT1 pathway increasing MCP-1 transcription. Activation of ERK1/2 or JNK MAPK is essential for this induction. The NF-[kappa]B activation may be involved in LTB4-increased MCP-1 expression. The LTB4-induced MCP-1 in human monocytes may play a critical role in the atherogenicity of LTB4.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL2/biossíntese , Leucotrieno B4/farmacologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Ácidos Carboxílicos/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Monócitos/enzimologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores do Leucotrieno B4/antagonistas & inibidores , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Human CCR5 is a G-coupled receptor that binds to the envelope protein gp120 and CD4 and mediates the HIV-1 viral entry into the cells. The blockade of this binding by a small molecule receptor antagonist could lead to a new mode of action agent for HIV-1 and AIDS. Screening of natural product extracts led to the identification of anibamine (1), a novel pyridine quaternary alkaloid as a TFA salt, from Aniba sp.; ophiobolin C from fermentation extracts of fungi Mollisia sp.; and 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q from Xylaria sp. Formation of the TFA salt of anibamine is plausibly an artifact of the isolation. The identity of the natural counterion is unknown. Anibamine.TFA competed for the binding of 125I-gp120 to human CCR5 with an IC50 of 1 microM. Ophiobolin C and 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q exhibited binding IC50) values of 40 and 60 microM, respectively.
Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores CCR5 , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Citocalasinas/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/química , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/metabolismo , Lauraceae/química , Piridinas/isolamento & purificação , Citocalasinas/química , Citocalasinas/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Sesterterpenos , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Terpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3, is present in human T-lymphocytes. Blockade of Kv1.3 results in T-cell depolarization, inhibition of T-cell activation, and attenuation of immune responses in vivo. A class of benzamide Kv1.3 channel inhibitors has been identified. The structure-activity relationship within this class of compounds in two functional assays, Rb_Kv and T-cell proliferation, is presented. In in vitro assays, trans isomers display moderate selectivity for binding to Kv1.3 over other Kv1.x channels present in human brain.