Efficacy of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in patients hospitalized with Covid-19-a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The trans-membrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cell entry and infection. Efficacy and safety of TMPRSS2 inhibitors in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have not been evaluated in randomized trials. METHODS: We conducted an investigator-initiated, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial in patients hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 4, to December 31, 2020. Within 48 h of admission, participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate 200 mg three times daily for 5 days or placebo. The primary outcome was time to discharge or clinical improvement measured as ≥2 points improvement on a 7-point ordinal scale. Other outcomes included 30-day mortality, safety and change in oropharyngeal viral load. FINDINGS: 137 patients were assigned to receive camostat mesilate and 68 to placebo. Median time to clinical improvement was 5 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 7) in the camostat group and 5 days (IQR, 2 to 10) in the placebo group (P = 0·31). The hazard ratio for 30-day mortality in the camostat compared with the placebo group was 0·82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0·24 to 2·79; P = 0·75). The frequency of adverse events was similar in the two groups. Median change in viral load from baseline to day 5 in the camostat group was -0·22 log10 copies/mL (p <0·05) and -0·82 log10 in the placebo group (P <0·05). INTERPRETATION: Under this protocol, camostat mesilate treatment was not associated with increased adverse events during hospitalization for Covid-19 and did not affect time to clinical improvement, progression to ICU admission or mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04321096. EudraCT Number: 2020-001200-42.

Familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a young female.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause. In the past years there have been observations of clustering of pulmonary fibrosis in families, indicating the disease can be inherited. The most commonly identified mutations are mutations involving proteins from the telomerase complex and the surfactant system, where the mutations from the surfactant protein system are less identified. We report a rare care of familial IPF in a young female at the age of 34 years, in whom genetic testing shows two different heterozygous variants for the surfactant protein system as a probable cause of her interstitial lung disease.

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in an adolescent successfully treated with inhaled rhGM-CSF (molgramostim).

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) is a rare parenchymal lung disease characterized by accumulation of surfactant in the airways with high levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in blood. Disease leads to hypoxemic respiratory failure. Whole lung lavage (WLL) is considered the first line therapy, but procedure can be quite demanding, specifically for children. Recently alternative treatment options with inhaled GM-CSF have been described but no consensus about the standard treatment exists. We here describe a unique case of a 14-year-old patient who was successfully treated with WLL and subsequent inhalations with molgramostim - new recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF).