RESUMO
Medical problems of children and their differences from adults have been mentioned in the ancient texts. Important contributions to medicine, including treatment of diseases of children were made by Greek and many scholars from middle East countries in 10th century. Pediatrics became widely recognized in Europe and USA during early 19th century and a number of children's hospitals were established in major cities. With technological advances, pediatric subspecialties also developed. In India, pediatrics was recognized around 1950s and thereafter, gradually progressed. Pediatric specialties came up in 1970s and became well established during 2020s. Pediatricians are regarded as doctors treating sick children. Pediatric specialists have the responsibility of providing tertiary care to patients with complex systemic diseases and critical care. In our country having a huge underprivileged population, pediatricians need to play a wider role and aim to provide comprehensive care that would lead to optimum development for every child. They should be aware of child rights, widely prevalent child abuse and exploitation and legal protective mechanisms, and attempt to tackle these issues in association with other agencies and organizations working for child welfare.
RESUMO
We propose a generalized Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov-type axion framework in which colored fermions and scalars act as two-loop Majorana neutrino-mass mediators. The global Peccei-Quinn symmetry under which exotic fermions are charged solves the strong CP problem. Within our general proposal, various setups can be distinguished by probing the axion-to-photon coupling at helioscopes and haloscopes. We also comment on axion dark-matter production in the early Universe.
RESUMO
Stem cells are basic cells of all multicellular organisms having the potency to differentiate into wide range of adult cells. Self renewal and totipotency are characteristic of stem cells. Though totipotency is shown by very early embryonic stem cells; the adult stem cells possess multipotency and differential plasticity which can be exploited for future generation of therapeutic options. Fortunately; the regulators of pleuripotency such as oct-4 et nanong protein are discovered and possibility of in vitro regulation of pleuripotency of stem cells is gaining strength. Genetic regulation of adult stem cells in the form of Bmi-1; Notch; sonic hedgehog et wnt gene is also being worked upon and future can be regulation of stem cell differentiation in vitro; in vivo or both. It is the knowledge of regulators of stem cells which has opened the therapeutic usage of stem cells in the form of neuron regeneration; treatment of bone defect; drug testing; gene therapy and cell based therapy in the form of muscle damage; spinal cord injury; cancer therapy etc. Cell based therapies might become commercial in coming years
Assuntos
Revisão , Células-TroncoRESUMO
Significant local analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity has been observed after oral administration of 3-[3-(phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl] propionic acid (POPA). Doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight administered orally by gavage to adult (25-35 g) albino mice of both sexes can inhibit acetic acid-induced writhing by 31.0 and 49.5, respectively (mean +/- SEM writhing numbers during 20 min were 52.0 +/- 6.0 and 38.3 +/- 7.2 vs 75.8 +/- 6.6 for control group which received saline; N = 6). Carrageenin-induced inflammation in the female Wistar rat (200-250 g) can be reduced by 43.3 and 42.2 3 h after oral administration (gavage) of 75 and 150 mg/kg of POPA (mean +/- SEM, 30.0 +/- 1.3 and 30.6 +/- 2.4 vs 52.9 +/- 3.7 for control group which received saline; N = 5). In the hot plate test on adult albino mice (25-35 g) of both sexes, POPA (150 and 300 mg/kg, po) was totally ineffective (N = 10). Our results indicate that POPA appears to offer potential safety and efficacy as a local analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent with no central nervous system involvement