RESUMO
Introduction Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (AICD) for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) have become standard care for patients with systolic heart failure (sHF) and ejection fraction < 35%. While the prevalence of sHF and rates of hospitalization are higher in men; one would expect equivalent rates of implantation in women. Methods We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2009-2018 to identify patient visits with sHF and AICD implantation. The co-morbidities and outcomes were compared based on gender. Results There were 15,247,854 inpatient admissions for sHF, of which 60.3% males, (95% CI 60.1%-60.4%) and 39.8% females (95% CI 39.7%-39.9%). Approximately 2% of patients (294,726) underwent the insertion of an AICD for primary prevention; 72.3% males (95% CI 71.9%-72.7%) and 27.72% females (95% CI 27.3%-28.1%). There was no significant difference in age (p=0.29), length of Stay (LOS) (p=0.09) and inpatient mortality (p=0.18). Conclusion In this study, women accounted for approximately 40% of patients admitted with the diagnosis of sHF, however, they accounted for less than 30% of patients who underwent the insertion of an AICD. Further research is needed to better understand this gender disparity and identify reasons for the lower rates of AICD placement in women.
RESUMO
Nowadays in our society, lung cancer is exhibiting a high mortality rate and threat to human health. Conventional diagnostic techniques used in the field of lung cancer often necessitate the use of extensive instrumentation, exhibit a tendency for false positives, and are not suitable for widespread early screening purposes. Conventional approaches to treat lung cancer primarily involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, these broad-spectrum treatments suffer from drawbacks such as imprecise targeting and significant side effects, which restrict their widespread use. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer owing to their tunable electronic properties and structures and potential applications. These porous nanomaterials are formed through the intricate assembly of metal centers and organic ligands, resulting in highly versatile frameworks. Compared to traditional diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, MOFs can improve the sensitivity of lung cancer biomarker detection in the diagnosis of lung cancer. In terms of treatment, they can significantly reduce side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy. Hence, this perspective provides an overview concerning the advancements made in the field of MOFs as potent biosensors for lung cancer biomarkers. It also delves into the latest research dealing with the use of MOFs as carriers for drug delivery. Additionally, it explores the applications of MOFs in various therapeutic approaches, including chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, this review comprehensively analyses potential applications of MOFs as biosensors in the field of lung cancer diagnosis and combines different therapeutic approaches aiming for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. It also presents a concise overview of the existing obstacles, aiming to pave the way for future advancements in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.