Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel cellular mechanism of antimicrobial defense activity. Intravascular neutrophils produce extracellular web-like structures composed of chromatin, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins to attack and kill microbes. They may impact both pathogen and host; NETs correlate strongly with disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in critically ill humans. The mechanism was first discovered in human neutrophils in 2004. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) in a non-avian reptile species were first described in blood films of a gopher tortoise with systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: While prior reports are limited to blood film review and in vitro studies, this descriptive case series highlights the cytological identification of presumptive HETs in nine reptile patients. METHODS: Subjects included six gopher tortoises, one blood python (Python curtus), one Burmese python (P. bivittatus), and one desert king snake (Lampropeltis getula splendida). All six gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) had upper respiratory disease with bacterial etiology (including Helicobacter sp. and/or Mycoplasma sp.), and snakes had upper respiratory tract infection confirmed with serpentovirus (n = 2) or bacterial dermatitis (n = 1). RESULTS: Cytology samples with identified HETs included tissue imprints (n = 4), nasal discharge (n = 3), an oral swab (n = 1), and a fine needle aspirate of a skin lesion (n = 1). The identification of specific bacterial (n = 6) and/or viral pathogens (n = 2) was notable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of presumptive HETs recognized in reptile cytology specimens, suggesting an active cellular process in vivo in response to systemic inflammation in non-avian reptiles, and contributing to further understanding of extracellular traps in these species.

On-board study of gas embolism in marine turtles caught in bottom trawl fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean.

Decompression sickness (DCS) was first diagnosed in marine turtles in 2014. After capture in net fisheries, animals typically start showing clinical evidence of DCS hours after being hauled on-board, often dying if untreated. These turtles are normally immediately released without any understanding of subsequent clinical problems or outcome. The objectives of this study were to describe early occurrence and severity of gaseous embolism (GE) and DCS in marine turtles after incidental capture in trawl gear, and to provide estimates of on-board and post-release mortality. Twenty-eight marine turtles were examined on-board fishing vessels. All 20 turtles assessed by ultrasound and/or post-mortem examination developed GE, independent of season, depth and duration of trawl and ascent speed. Gas emboli were obvious by ultrasound within 15 minutes after surfacing and worsened over the course of 2 hours. Blood data were consistent with extreme lactic acidosis, reduced glomerular filtration, and stress. Twelve of 28 (43%) animals died on-board, and 3 of 15 (20%) active turtles released with satellite tags died within 6 days. This is the first empirically-based estimate of on-board and post-release mortality of bycaught marine turtles that has until now been unaccounted for in trawl fisheries not equipped with turtle excluder devices.

Development and evaluation of three mortality prediction indices for cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii).

Kemp's ridley sea turtle is an endangered species found in the Gulf of Mexico and along the east coast of the USA. Cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles are often found stranded on beaches of Massachusetts and New York in November and December each year. When found alive, turtles are transported to rehabilitation centres for evaluation and treatment. Blood gas and chemistry analytes of major clinical relevance in sea turtles were selected to develop mortality prediction indices (MPI)s. Testing the diagnostic performance of various combinations of blood gas and chemistry analytes by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis resulted in the development of three mortality prediction indices. The sensitivity and specificity of the best performing MPI (based on three blood analytes: pH, pO2, and potassium) was 88 and 80%, respectively. Using ROC analysis, the area under the curve = 0.896 (95% confidence interval = 0.83-0.94). The use of validated MPIs based on four blood analytes (pH, pCO2, pO2, and potassium) could be useful for better diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cold-stunned sea turtles when admitted to rehabilitation facilities.