Analysis of 12 X-STRs loci in a population from southeastern Brazil.

Short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the X chromosome have a high potential for solving complex kinship analysis and individual identification cases. To achieve such purposes, allele and haplotype frequencies for the specific population are necessary. Nonetheless, such frequencies are not always available. Therefore, we obtained haplotypes from 520 unrelated males from four different geographic regions of Espírito Santo - Brazil, using the Investigator Argus X-12 kit. Forensic parameters for linked groups of four X-STR loci are reported. Genetic distance analyzes suggest that ES population is genetically closer to the Italian population and farther from the Mexican one, among the populations analyzed in this study.

Forensic Applications of Markers Present on the X Chromosome.

Microsatellite genetic markers are the gold standard for human genetic identification. Forensic analyses around the world are carried out through protocols using the analysis of STR markers in autosomal chromosomes and in the Y chromosome to solve crimes. However, these analyses do not allow for the resolution of all cases, such as rape situations with suspicion of incest, paternity without a maternal sample for comparison, and biological traces with DNA mixture where the profile sought is female, among other situations. In these complex cases, the study of X-chromosome STR markers significantly increases the probability of identification by complementing the data obtained for autosomal and Y-chromosome markers, due to the unique structure of the X chromosome and its exclusive method of inheritance. However, there are currently no validated Brazilian protocols for this purpose, nor are there any population data necessary for statistical analyses that must be included in the issuance of expert reports. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide a literary review of the applications of X-chromosomal markers in population genetics.

Avaliação do efeito mutagênico do extrato hidroalcoólico bruto, por meio de bioensaios in vivo e prospecção fitoquímica de Cecropia glaziovii Sneth (embaúba), Cecropiaceae / Evaluation of mutagenic effect of crude hydroalchoolic extract, using in vivo alive bioassays and phytochemical screening of Cecropia glaziovii Sneth (embaúba), Cecropiaceae

O gênero Cecropia é conhecido popularmente por "embaúba" e apresenta várias espécies medicinais, sendo que estudos com a espécie C. glaziovii Sneth indicam que o extrato aquoso apresenta efeitos broncodilatador, anti-hipertensivo e antidepressivo, provavelmente, atribuídos às catequinas, procianidinas e flavonóides. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os potenciais efeitos tóxico, citotóxicos, clastogênicos e aneugênicos do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de folhas de C. glaziovii, por meio da dose letal média (DL50), da análise de micronúcleo em células de medula óssea de roedores e do teste com Allium cepa e realizar a prospecção fitoquímica. Os resultados demonstraram que as concentrações testadas não causaram toxicidade aguda, nem apresentaram atividade clastogênica e aneugênica, sugerindo que o extrato de C. glaziovii não interferem na divisão celular. A prospecção fitoquímica indicou a presença de taninos, flavonóides, fenóis, antraquinonas, cumarinas, catequinas, proteínas, açúcares redutores, depsídeos/depsidonas e triterpenos. Mesmo assim, esses resultados não prescrevem o consumo terapêutico da espécie, sem continuidade da sua avaliação e do cumprimento de todas as etapas pré-clínicas e clínicas.

The genus Cecropia is as known popularly "embaúba" and presents several medical species. Studies with the species C. glaziovii Sneth indicates that the hydroalchoolic extracts presents bronchodilator, anti-hypertensive and antidepressive effects, probably due its contests catechins, procyanidins and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to assess the potential toxic, cytotoxic, clastogenic and aneugenic effects of the crude hydroalchoolic extract of leaves of C. glaziovii, by means of the determination of the median lethal dose (LD50), the analysis of micronucleus in cells from bone marrow of rodents and through the Allium cepa assay, and also to performe the phytochemical screening. The results showed that at the concentrations tested no cause acute toxicity, as well as no clastogenic and aneugenic activity, was observed suggesting that the extract of C. glaziovii do not interfere in cell division. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones, coumarins, catechins, proteins, reducing sugars, depsides, depsidons and triterpenes. Howerver, these results do not prescribe therapeutic consumption of the species, without keeping its evaluation and the achievement of all pre-clinical and clinical stages.