Gemcitabine combined with the monoclonal antibody nimotuzumab is an active first-line regimen in KRAS wildtype patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a multicenter, randomized phase IIb study.

BACKGROUND: This randomized study was designed to investigate the superiority of gemcitabine (gem) plus nimotuzumab (nimo), an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, compared with gem plus placebo as first-line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with previously untreated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer were randomly assigned to receive gem: 1000 mg/m2, 30-min i.v. once weekly (d1, 8, 15; q29) and nimo: fixed dose of 400 mg once weekly as a 30-min infusion, or gem plus placebo, until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), secondary end points included time to progression, overall response rate, safety and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients were randomized, with 186 of them being assessable for efficacy and safety (average age 63.6 years). One-year OS/progression-free survival (PFS) was 34%/22% for gem plus nimo compared with 19%/10% for gem plus placebo (HR = 0.69; P = 0.03/HR = 0.68; P = 0.02). Median OS/PFS was 8.6/5.1 months for gem plus nimo versus 6.0/3.4 mo in the gem plus placebo group (HR = 0.69; P = 0.0341/HR = 0.68; P = 0.0163), with very few grade 3/4 toxicities. KRAS wildtype patients experienced a significantly better OS than those with KRAS mutations (11.6 versus 5.6 months, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: This randomized study showed that nimo in combination with gem is safe and well tolerated. The 1-year OS and PFS rates for the entire population were significantly improved. Especially, those patients with KRAS wildtype seem to benefit. The study was registered as protocol ID OSAG101-PCS07, NCT00561990 and EudraCT 2007-000338-38.

Association of vancomycin serum concentrations with efficacy in patients with MRSA infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recent Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections recommend maintaining vancomycin trough concentrations of 15-20 mg/L for serious infections. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies assessing the impact of low (<15 mg/L) vs. high (≥ 15 mg/L) vancomycin trough level on the efficacy of MRSA infections treatment. Four prospective and 12 retrospective studies were included (2003 participants). No significant difference was demonstrated between low and high vancomycin trough level for the outcome of all-cause mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-1.46, I(2) = 28%). In studies evaluating mainly MRSA pneumonia, there was significantly higher mortality with low vancomycin level (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.11-2.84). No significant difference was demonstrated in treatment failure rates (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.88-1.78, I(2) = 51%). However, excluding one outlier study from the analysis, treatment failure became significantly higher in patients with low vancomycin trough level (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.12-1.91, I(2) = 16%). Microbiologic failure rates were significantly higher in patients with low vancomycin levels (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.26, I(2) = 0%). Nephrotoxicity was significantly higher with vancomycin levels of ≥ 15 mg/L. However, no cases of irreversible renal damage were reported. Current data on the effectiveness of higher vancomycin trough levels in the treatment of MRSA infections are limited to few prospective and mainly retrospective studies. Our findings support the current recommendations for maintaining vancomycin trough levels of ≥ 15 mg/L in the treatment of severe MRSA infections, although no difference in all-cause mortality was observed.

A prospective cohort study on the impact of darbepoetin alfa on quality of life in daily practice following anemia treatment guideline revisions.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of darbepoetin alfa (DA) on hemoglobin (Hb) levels and quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients with anemia in current daily practice following several revisions of anemia treatment guidelines. METHODS: This was a prospective, multi-center, observational study across Germany in non-myeloid cancer outpatients with chemotherapy-induced anemia treated with DA. Age, sex, cancer type, stage, and therapy, performance status, anemia status and treatment, and Hb concentrations were recorded for up to 18 weeks in a web-based registry. Optional QoL assessments were collected at baseline and at the end of DA treatment. MAIN RESULTS: Of 984 eligible patients, 978 had complete anemia data, 492 also had complete QoL data. In the 978 patients, mean age was 64 (standard deviation, SD 12) years, 62% of patients were women. Breast (26%) and gastrointestinal (22%) cancer were most prevalent. Therapy was palliative in 44% of patients and initiated with curative intent in 29%. Mean baseline Hb was 9.5 (SD 0.9) g/dL, which increased by an average of 1.2 g/dL. In 67% of patients Hb increased either to 10-12 g/dL or by ≥2 g/dL; no Hb response was seen in 219 patients (22%); increases of 0 to 1, >1 to 2, and >2 g/dl were seen in 216 (22%), 265 (27%), and 278 (28%) patients, respectively. Anemia treatment did not result in any significant differences of performance status. However, QoL improvements were significantly greater in Hb responders, although a linear relationship with Hb increments was lacking. None of 47 fatal cases was considered related to treatment with DA. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with DA in routine clinical practice had increases in Hb and reported improvement in QoL. Due to the uncontrolled design, no conclusions can be made regarding causality to treatment and the clinical relevance of the improvement.

Nonlinear amplification of side-modes in frequency combs.

We investigate how suppressed modes in frequency combs are modified upon frequency doubling and self-phase modulation. We find, both experimentally and by using a simplified model, that these side-modes are amplified relative to the principal comb modes. Whereas frequency doubling increases their relative strength by 6 dB, the growth due to self-phase modulation can be much stronger and generally increases with nonlinear propagation length. Upper limits for this effect are derived in this work. This behavior has implications for high-precision calibration of spectrographs with frequency combs used for example in astronomy. For this application, Fabry-Pérot filter cavities are used to increase the mode spacing to exceed the resolution of the spectrograph. Frequency conversion and/or spectral broadening after non-perfect filtering reamplify the suppressed modes, which can lead to calibration errors.

Clinical experience with ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of cancer- and chemotherapy-associated anaemia.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous (i.v.) iron can improve anaemia of chronic disease and response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), but data on its use in practice and without ESAs are limited. This study evaluated effectiveness and tolerability of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in routine treatment of anaemic cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 639 patients enrolled in 68 haematology/oncology practices in Germany, 619 received FCM at the oncologist's discretion, 420 had eligible baseline haemoglobin (Hb) measurements, and 364 at least one follow-up Hb measurement. Data of transfused patients were censored from analysis before transfusion. RESULTS: The median total iron dose was 1000 mg per patient (interquartile range 600-1500 mg). The median Hb increase was comparable in patients receiving FCM alone (1.4 g/dl [0.2-2.3 g/dl; N = 233]) or FCM + ESA (1.6 g/dl [0.7-2.4 g/dl; N = 46]). Patients with baseline Hb up to 11.0 g/dl and serum ferritin up to 500 ng/ml benefited from FCM treatment (stable Hb ≥ 11.0 g/dl). Also patients with ferritin >500 ng/ml but low transferrin saturation benefited from FCM treatment. FCM was well tolerated, 2.3% of patients reported putative drug-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The substantial Hb increase and stabilisation at 11-12 g/dl in FCM-treated patients suggest a role for i.v. iron alone in anaemia correction in cancer patients.

14 GHz visible supercontinuum generation: calibration sources for astronomical spectrographs.

We report the use of a specially designed tapered photonic crystal fiber to produce a broadband optical spectrum covering the visible spectral range. The pump source is a frequency doubled Yb fiber laser operating at a repetition rate of 14 GHz and emitting sub-5 pJ pulses. We experimentally determine the optimum core diameter and achieve a 235 nm broad spectrum. Numerical simulations are used to identify the underlying mechanisms and explain spectral features. The high repetition rate makes this system a promising candidate for precision calibration of astronomical spectrographs.

A prospective observational study of anaemia management in cancer patients - results from the German Cancer Anaemia Registry.

The use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in cancer patients is still under debate. However, little is known about rationales, strategies, objectives, and effectiveness of anaemia treatments in common practice. The Cancer Anaemia Registry prospectively surveyed about 2000 cancer patients with anaemia throughout Germany. The main objectives of anaemia treatment regardless of modality were to improve quality of life (QOL) and to correct haemoglobin (Hb) levels. The Hb threshold for any anaemia treatment (means ± SD: 9.4 ± 1.2 g/dL) but not for blood transfusions (8.7 ± 1.0 g/dL) depended on cancer type and treatment strategy. Physicians preferred ESA as first-line treatment to prevent transfusions in patients with solid tumours, if they thought that chemotherapy caused the anaemia. If they suspected other causes or patients had lymphoproliferative malignancies, physicians preferred transfusions or attempted to correct underlying disorders; both mainly to improve QOL or prognosis. Effectiveness of all strategies was comparable. However, ESA most effectively prevented transfusions; primary transfusions appeared less suitable for correcting Hb or improving QOL. Using supportive treatments for QOL improvement was common whereas diagnostic measures and intravenous iron therapy were underused. Prospective clinical trials using QOL as end point and evaluating diagnostics in cancer-associated anaemia are warranted.

Bose-Einstein condensation in microgravity.

Albert Einstein's insight that it is impossible to distinguish a local experiment in a "freely falling elevator" from one in free space led to the development of the theory of general relativity. The wave nature of matter manifests itself in a striking way in Bose-Einstein condensates, where millions of atoms lose their identity and can be described by a single macroscopic wave function. We combine these two topics and report the preparation and observation of a Bose-Einstein condensate during free fall in a 146-meter-tall evacuated drop tower. During the expansion over 1 second, the atoms form a giant coherent matter wave that is delocalized on a millimeter scale, which represents a promising source for matter-wave interferometry to test the universality of free fall with quantum matter.

Toxoplasma gondii-induced foetal resorption in mice involves interferon-gamma-induced apoptosis and spiral artery dilation at the maternofoetal interface.

The severity of congenital toxoplasmosis depends on the stage of the pregnancy at which infection takes place. Infection during the first trimester generally leads to miscarriage, through an unknown mechanism. Toxoplasma gondii infection is normally controlled by a strong Th1-type response with IFN-gamma production. To investigate the mechanisms of foetal resorption induced by T. gondii, pregnant Swiss-Webster mice were infected 1 day post coïtum with the avirulent Me49 strain. Mated recipients were examined at mid-gestation. Few parasites and no cytolytic effects were detected 10 days post coïtum in implantation sites undergoing resorption. Resorption was accompanied by haemorrhage, spiral artery dilation, hypocellularity of the decidua basalis, apoptosis of placental cells, a decline in uterine mature natural killer cell numbers, increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA levels and reduced IL-15 mRNA levels. Given the role of IFN-gammaR(-/-) in non-infectious abortive processes, IFN-gammaR(-/-) mice were used to investigate its local role in T. gondii-induced foetal resorption. IFN-gammaR(-/-) mice showed 50% less foetal resorption than their wild-type counterparts, and spiral artery dilation and placental cell apoptosis were both abolished. These results strongly suggest that, at least in mice, T. gondii-induced abortion in early gestation is not due to a direct action of the parasite at the maternofoetal interface but rather to massive IFN-gamma release.

Hemoglobin levels that trigger erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment decisions for cancer-associated anemia--examination of practice in Germany.

OBJECTIVE: Given the safety concerns regarding off-label use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in the treatment of cancer-associated anemia, data from the German Cancer Anemia Registry (CAR) were analyzed to examine whether current practice in Germany adheres to treatment guidelines. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: CAR was a web-based registry gathering patient data for 12 weeks following anemia diagnosis or until the primary treatment objective was achieved. RESULTS: Of over 2000 patients surveyed, 783 were treated with ESAs. Treatment was primarily aimed at improvement of quality of life (37.3%), hemoglobin correction (32.7%), and prevention of transfusions (24.4%). The average hemoglobin level triggering ESA treatment was 9.7 g/dL (6.0 mmol/L), however, starting levels varied with cancer type. For 67.8% of patients, transfusions could be avoided. ESA treatment was stopped at 11.2 g/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and maximum hemoglobin levels during the study averaged 11.8 g/dL (7.3 mmol/L). In 4.8% of the women and 6.0% of the men, maximum hemoglobin levels were >14 g/dL (8.7 mmol/L); in 15.6% and 9.1%, respectively, levels were between 13 and 14 g/dL. The median hemoglobin level triggering transfusion was 8.3 g/dL (5.2 mmol/L), irrespective of the malignant disease. CONCLUSION: Current use of ESAs for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia in Germany appears to be in good compliance with treatment guidelines. Similar results obtained from other studies in Europe and the US indicate this to be true beyond Germany.

Multicentric evaluation of the DiaMed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay malaria antibody test for screening of blood donors for malaria.

BACKGROUND: The risk of malaria transmission by blood transfusion is critical due to extensive travel from endemic areas to non-endemic areas. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) malaria antibody test has been developed that is claimed to perform better than the immunofluorescence assay test (IFAT). The assay contains antigens to both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A multicentre study was performed to evaluate the appropriateness of replacing the IFAT by the new ELISA test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine French blood banks participated in this multicentre study. Two panels of samples were evaluated. The first included 4163 samples from healthy donors and was used to calculate clinical specificity of the assay. The second involved 10,995 samples, either collected retrospectively or prospectively from malaria-risk donors , was used to assess the comparative performance of the ELISA and IFAT. Discordant samples were further tested using an in-house IFAT and also tested for presence of Plasmodium DNA by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The ELISA showed a clinical specificity of 99.02%. In the malaria-risk blood donors groups, the retrospective group showed a concordance rate of 92.6% (k = 0.90), while the prospective group showed a concordance rate of 97% (k = 0.46). After confirming the discordant sample results by an in-house IFAT, the k index increased to 0.81. None of the discordant samples was shown to contain Plasmodium DNA. CONCLUSION: The performance of the ELISA test in this study has confirmed its potential as a new screening test for use in blood banks, as an alternative to the IFAT in prevention of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic countries.

Second-line chemotherapy with pemetrexed after gemcitabine failure in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a multicenter phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: A standard second-line chemotherapy regimen has yet to be defined for patients with gemcitabine (Gem)-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this multicenter phase II trial, patients with unresectable or metastatic PC who had progressed on single-agent Gem or a Gem-containing regimen received pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) as a 10-min infusion every 3 weeks until disease progression or occurrence of unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was the 3-month survival rate. RESULTS: A total of 192 treatment cycles were given to 52 patients. The overall response rate was 3.8% (two partial responses); 10 patients (19.2%) experienced stable disease, nine of them for >12 weeks. At least one CA 19-9 reduction > or =50% occurred in 12 patients (23.1%). The 3-month survival rate was 75% (95% confidence interval 63.2% to 86.8%), the median time to tumor progression was 7 weeks (range 1-62 weeks) and the median overall survival time was 20 weeks (range 1-84 weeks). Grade 3/4 hematological toxic effects included (percent of patients): neutropenia (17.3%), thrombocytopenia (5.8%) and anemia (3.8%). The most frequent non-hematological toxic effects were diarrhea, nausea and stomatitis/pharyngitis (23.1% each). CONCLUSION: Pemetrexed is a safe treatment option with moderate activity in patients with advanced PC after failure of Gem.

Gene organization and sequences of pediocin AcH/PA-1 production operons in Pediococcus and Lactobacillus plasmids.

AIMS: To determine the locations and sequences of pediocin AcH production genes in Pediococcus parvulus ATO77 from vegetables, Lactobacillus plantarum WHE92 from Muenster cheese, and a lactose-fermenting isolate Pediococcus pentosaceus S34 from buffalo milk. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasmid curing, Southern blot hybridization, and DNA sequence analysis indicate that pediocin AcH production genes are encoded by highly similar operons in unique plasmids designated pATO77 from P. parvulus ATO77, pS34 from P. pentosaceus S34, and pWHE92 from Lact. plantarum WHE92. Structure, immunity and secretion system genes are linked together in the operons, and the promoter sequences are the same. The amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins are highly conserved between plasmids. CONCLUSIONS: Pediocin AcH production genes are located within a plasmid-borne operon cassette in all lactic acid bacterial strains examined to date. All four genes needed for production are present within a single plasmid in each strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first demonstration that the expression of a class IIa bacteriocin is directed by a common gene cassette that has been disseminated to unique plasmids in different genera of lactic acid bacteria. These plasmids should be useful for expressing pediocin AcH in Pediococcus and Lactobacillus strains used in food production.

Elevation of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II in non-febrile patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and its cellular and soluble (s) receptors (TNF-R) are important mediators in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and infectious complications during cytoreductive therapy. We investigated the serum concentrations of sTNF-RII in previously untreated patients with AML at the onset of cytoreductive therapy and in non-febrile chemotherapy-associated neutropenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 54 eligible patients with AML, serum concentrations of sTNF-RII could be evaluated in 25 non-neutropenic, non-febrile and in 11 neutropenic, non-febrile patients. RESULTS: At baseline, non-neutropenic, non-febrile AML patients showed high median serum sTNF-RII concentrations of 3,804 pg/mL. In neutropenia, there was a non-significant trend (p = 0.18) to lower median sTNF-RII levels of 3,246 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Serum sTNF-RII concentrations in non-febrile AML patients before chemotherapy are in the range of levels reached in uncomplicated febrile episodes in otherwise healthy individuals. This must be taken into account when evaluating the cytokine profile for sepsis in patients with therapy-associated neutropenia. Concentrations are still elevated in neutropenia, suggesting that a normal number of leukocytes is not necessarily required for the activation of the TNF ligand/TNF receptor system in AML.

Randomized controlled monocentric comparison of once daily ceftriaxone with tobramycin and cefotaxime three times daily with tobramycin in neutropenic fever.

A prospective, randomized, controlled monocentric trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once daily ceftriaxone 2 g plus tobramycin 5 mg/kg in comparison to cefotaxime 2 g t.i.d. plus tobramycin 5 mg/kg qd in the treatment of neutropenic fever. In cases of fever > or = 38.5 degrees C and a neutrophil count below 1000/microliter, patients with hematological malignancies were assigned to ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, each with tobramycin. The primary endpoint was defined as defervescence < 37.5 degrees C on day 4-6 followed by at least 7 afebrile days. Secondary endpoints were overall response, defined as defervescence on day 25 and toxicity. There were 160 episodes of 114 patients included. Fever of unknown origin accounted for 79 episodes (51%), microbiologically defined infection for 36 (23%), clinically defined infection for 27 (17%), and both clinically and microbiologically defined infection for 14 episodes (9%). On an intent-to-treat basis 156 episodes could be evaluated for the primary endpoint. Ceftriaxone plus tobramycin and cefotaxime plus tobramycin resulted in a primary response in 46.9% and 45.3%, respectively. Overall response was achieved on study day 25 in 87.7% and 80%, respectively. No significant difference in toxicity was observed. Once-daily ceftriaxone plus tobramycin was not inferior to cefotaxime t.i.d. plus tobramycin qd in the empirical treatment of neutropenic fever.

Availability of magnesium from various commercially available oral preparations in a variety of dosage forms: comparative in vitro study.

The relative dialysability of magnesium in a number of different inorganic and organic magnesium-containing compounds from ten commercially available products was investigated using an in vitro method. Reference values were provided by tests carried out in parallel using comparable quantities of pure magnesium compounds, as contained in the products. The results demonstrated that the excipients generally had a positive effect on the relative availability of magnesium. Furthermore, the dialysed magnesium levels were lower in capsules and coated tablets than in granulates, chewable tablets, and effervescent tablets. It can be concluded that substances such as citric acid, lactose, and sucrose have a positive effect, whereas gel-based excipients and coatings have a negative effect on the availability of magnesium.

3-D confocal laser scanning microscopy used in morphometric analysis of rat Purkinje cell dendritic spines after chronic ethanol consumption.

A confocal laser scanning microscope (with a 543 nm laser) was used for imaging rat Purkinje cell dendritic spines at high 3-D resolution. In a nutritionally controlled study of the rat, 5 months of ethanol consumption was demonstrated to alter the spines of Purkinje cell dendrites in rat cerebellum. Intact spines showed significant elongation after ethanol exposure, whereas this neuromorphological alteration could not be detected in controls. Spine elongation could be regarded as compensative growth of spines in search of new synaptic contacts due to alcohol induced cell loss.

Can megadoses of thiamine prevent ethanol-induced damages of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones?

The specific aim of this study was to evaluate whether high doses of thiamine can compensate or prevent alcohol-induced damages of rat hippocampus CA1 pyramids. Twenty weeks of ethanol consumption together with a dose of thiamine in the range of 1.19 mg/100 mg food induced significant enlargement (parameters measured were length of the whole spine and diameter of the end-bulb) of dendritic spines. Hypertrophy can be interpreted as a compensation process due to alcohol-induced cell death because viable spines are in search of new synaptic contacts. In contrast, dendritic spines of the alcohol group fed at the same time with a high dose of thiamine (119 mg/ 100 g food = megavitamintherapy) showed normal data concerning these parameters. From these results it may be concluded that a megavitamin therapy supports a neuron's carbohydrate metabolism and therefore could be able to prevent or reduce alcohol-induced damages of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in rat central nervous system.

Neuroprotective effects of thiamine-megadoses after long-term ethanol application in the rat brain. A structural investigation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal and cerebellar Purkinje neurons.

Using the Golgi-impregnation technique we could document that twenty weeks of ethanol consumption induce significant elongation of dendritic spines of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells, and as demonstrated for the first time in the present study, of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Spine hypertrophy might be the result of compensative growth of spines in search of new synaptic contacts due to neuronal cell loss caused by the prolonged ethanol intake. In contrast, this neuromorphological alteration could not be detected in the alcohol group fed at the same time with a high dose of thiamine (119 mg/100 g food) = thiaminemegadose). As thiamine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions primarily concerned with carbohydrate metabolism, it may be concluded that megadoses of thiamine are able to support neuronal energy metabolism, which was initially impaired by ethanol-induced thiamine deficiency. Therefore, a megavitamintherapy in association with chronic alcohol intake could be able to attenuate or prevent ethanol-induced damages in rat central nervous system.

Oral involvement of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa inversa.

The inversa subtype of autosomal recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (EBDR-I) is a rare variant characterized by lesions involving primarily the flexural areas of the body. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the oral manifestations of this unusual dermatologic condition. Ten individuals having EBDR-I were evaluated and compared with an age and sex-matched population of unaffected individuals that served as controls. The diagnosis of EBDR-I was confirmed by skin biopsy that demonstrated tissue separation below the lamina densa and the clinical presentation of blister formation that typically localized to flexural areas. There was clinical variability in the severity and distribution of skin involvement; however, none of the affected individuals demonstrated pronounced digital webbing, severe generalized blistering or growth retardation characteristic of the Hallopeau-Siemens form of EBDR. Oral involvement was seen in all cases with ankyloglossia, loss of tongue papillae and obliteration of the oral vestibule between the lips and gingiva being typical. The oral opening was significantly reduced in older EBDR-I individuals compared with matched controls, confirming that acquired microstomia is a characteristic of EBDR-I. The teeth were not clinically abnormal or malformed and showed no evidence of generalized enamel hypoplasia. Despite this, the prevalence of dental caries in EBDR-I individuals was significantly higher than the control group. The inversa form of EBDR presents with oral findings that are similar but generally milder than those seen in the Hallopeau-Siemens variant of EBDR.