Safety assessment of microsilver-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cement spacers in patients with prosthetic hip infections: Results of a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Preclinical data showed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) loaded with microsilver to be effective against a variety of bacteria. The purpose of this study was to assess patient safety of PMMA spacers with microsilver in prosthetic hip infections in a prospective cohort study. METHODS: A total of 12 patients with prosthetic hip infections were included for a three-stage revision procedure. All patients received either a gentamicin-PMMA spacer (80 g to 160 g PMMA depending on hip joint dimension) with additional loading of 1% (w/w) of microsilver (0.8 g to 1.6 g per spacer) at surgery 1 followed by a gentamicin-PMMA spacer without microsilver at surgery 2 or vice versa. Implantation of the revision prosthesis was carried out at surgery 3. RESULTS: In total, 11 of the 12 patients completed the study. No argyria or considerable differences in laboratory parameters were detected. Silver blood concentrations were below or around the detection limit of 1 ppb in ten of the 11 patients. A maximum of 5.6 ppb at 48 hours after implantation of the silver spacer, which is below the recommended maximum level of 10 ppb, was found in one patient. No silver was detected in the urine. Drainage fluids showed concentrations between 16.1 ppb and 23.3 ppb at 12 hours after implantation of the silver spacers, and between 16.8 ppb to 25.1 ppb at 48 hours after implantation. Pathohistological assessment of the periprosthetic membrane did not reveal any differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Microsilver-loaded gentamicin-PMMA spacers showed good biocompatibility and the broad antimicrobial activity warrants further clinical research to assess its effectivity in reducing infection rates in prosthetic joint infection.Cite this article: V. Alt, M. Rupp, K. Lemberger, T. Bechert, T. Konradt, P. Steinrücke, R. Schnettler, S. Söder, R. Ascherl. Safety assessment of microsilver-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cement spacers in patients with prosthetic hip infections: Results of a prospective cohort study. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:387-396. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.88.BJR-2018-0270.R1.

In vitro testing of antimicrobial activity of bone cement.

The purpose of this study was to establish a reliable and cost-effective microplate proliferation assay for in vitro antimicrobial testing of bone cement samples. Cement samples devoid of antimicrobial agents, loaded with 2% gentamicin or with different concentrations of high-porosity silver, were incubated in a 96-well microplate with several staphylococcal, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecium isolates exhibiting different susceptibilities to gentamicin. After being rinsed, the samples were brought into a soy medium in which adherent cells on the cement surface either were killed by the antimicrobial surface or started to release clonal counterparts. The medium was monitored in real time by recording a time proliferation curve for each well. Microplate testing revealed no antibacterial effect of plain bone cement. The antibacterial activity of gentamicin-loaded bone cement was shown by the microplate test to depend on the gentamicin susceptibilities of the strains. The effect of high-porosity silver was dose dependent. Bactericidal activity against all tested strains was found for bone cement loaded with 1% high-porosity silver. The accuracy of this new proliferation assay was shown by the high correlation between the types of proliferation curves and antibiotic susceptibility. In contrast to routine agar diffusion testing, it assesses the dynamic response of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents in biomaterials and allows high-throughput screening and detection of antimicrobial properties of poorly water-soluble compounds like silver.

An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of nanoparticulate silver bone cement.

Infections with multiresistant bacteria have become a serious problem in joint arthroplasty. This study reports about in vitro antibacterial activity against multiresistant bacteria and in vitro cytotoxicity of polymethylmetacrylate bone cement loaded with metallic silver particles with a size of 5-50 nm called NanoSilver. In vitro antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was studied by microplate proliferation tests. Quantitative elution testing and qualitative ongrowth of human osteoblasts was done to study in vitro cytotoxicity. Only NanoSilver cement showed high-antibacterial activity against all strains, including MRSE and MRSA. Gentamicin cement was not effective against MRSA and MRSE due to the high-level gentamicin resistance of the tested strains. Plain cement did not inhibit proliferation of any strains. There was no significant difference regarding in vitro cytotoxicity between NanoSilver and the non-toxic control. Cytotoxicity of cement loaded with silver salts made this kind of silver unsuitable for all day clinical use in the past. This new form of silver called NanoSilver was free of in vitro cytotoxicity and showed high effectiveness against multiresistant bacteria. If the results can be confirmed in vivo NanoSilver may have a high interest in joint arthroplasty.

Pseudomonas stutzeri soluble nitrate reductase alphabeta-subunit is a soluble enzyme with a similar electronic structure at the active site as the inner membrane-bound alphabetagamma holoenzyme.

A two-subunit (alphabeta) form of dissimilatory nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas stutzeri strain ZoBell was separated from the membrane-residing gamma-subunit by a heat solubilization step. Here we present an optimized purification protocol leading to a soluble alphabeta form with high specific activity (70 U/mg). The soluble form has the stoichiometry alpha(1)beta(1) consisting of the 130 kDa alpha-subunit and the 58 kDa beta-subunit. We did not observe any proteolytic cleavage in the course of the heat solubilization. The enzyme is competively inhibited by azide, but not by chlorate. It exhibits a K(M) value of 3.2 mM for nitrate. We compare the enzymatic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic properties of the alphabeta form with the alphabetagamma holoenzyme which resides in the membrane and can be prepared by detergent extraction. The nearly identical EPR spectra for the Mo(V) signal of both enzyme preparations show that the active site is unaffected by the heat step. The factors influencing the binding of the alpha- and beta-subunit to the gamma-subunit are discussed.