Influence of Breathing Modes and Facial Growth Patterns on Electromyographic Fatigue of Masticatory Muscles in Children.

Introduction Changes in breathing patterns affect the harmonious development of the structures of the craniofacial system, leading to changes in posture, occlusion, and facial growth patterns. However, little is known about how these changes influence the muscle contraction patterns, either at rest or while functioning, and either in a normal or unbalanced condition. Objective To study the masseter and anterior temporal muscles fatigue during mastication in nasal- and mouth-breathing children, also considering their facial growth patterns. Methods: A total of 70 children aged 6 to 12 years old who met the study criteria were assessed. Speech-language-hearing, otorhinolaryngologic, and cephalometric assessments were performed to divide them into groups. In the electromyographic assessment, the children were asked to chew gum following a metronome until they felt fatigued. The median frequency of the muscles was analyzed at 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds of mastication. The reported time of fatigue perception was recorded. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U tests. Results There were no median frequency decrease patterns nor differences in the myoelectric manifestations and reported time of fatigue between the groups. Conclusion The masticatory muscles did not reveal fatigue in the electromyographic analysis; however, the fatigue time was reported, despite the absence of physiological fatigue. The breathing mode, the facial growth pattern, and the association between them did not interfere with the behavior of the median frequency of the electromyographic signal and the fatigue time perception.

Influence of handgrip strength on pharyngeal transit time in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Objective: To investigate the relationship between Handgrip Strength (HGS), dysphagia classification, nutritional aspects, and Pharyngeal Transit Time (PTT) in subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Methods: Study based on the analysis of secondary data from a database. The sample comprised 15 COPD patients of both sexes and a mean age of 65.7 years. We collected information on HGS, videofluoroscopic swallowing study, Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST), and Body Mass Index (BMI). We applied correlation, effect size, and logistic regression tests at the 5% significance level. Results: Most individuals had severe COPD (66.7%), mean dominant HGS of 28.2, and non-dominant HGS of 25.3. Five subjects were malnourished, five were well-nourished, and five were obese. Most of them had normal swallowing (40%), normal V-VST results (60%), and PTT of 0.89 s (liquid) and 0.81 s (pudding-thick). There was no significant correlation between the swallowing classification and the other variables. We obtained a significant correlation (p = 0.015), though weak (r = -0.611), between non-dominant HGS and PTT. Regarding the binary logistic regression, HGS variables and HGS asymmetry were not enough to be considered a risk to clinically abnormal swallowing (V-VST). Conclusion: Subjects with COPD in this study had a longer PTT than reported in the literature for normal subjects and a weak correlation between PTT and non-dominant HGS. The variables related to muscle condition were not considered predictors for abnormal swallowing. Level of evidence: 3.

Tongue strength and clinical correlations in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Parkinson's disease present affected lingual functioning at some stage of the progression of the disease. The objective was to determine the strength and endurance values of the tongue in PD subjects and whether weakness in tongue lift may be an indicator of disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To determine the strength and endurance values of the tongue in PD subjects and whether weakness in tongue lift may be an indicator of disease progression. METHODS: Sixty subjects performed tasks of tongue to palate maximum isometric pressure (MIP) and sustained 50% of MIP for endurance. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was used as evaluation tool. Selected domains of the Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) related to tongue pressure were considered. Variables of sex, age, disease duration, disease progression (Hoehn & Yahr stage) and body mass index were selected for association analysis. RESULTS: Tongue MIP ranged from 16 to 48 kPa (mean = 33.43 kPa), which was significantly lower than normal reference values. Likewise, tongue endurance was significantly diminished. Analysis of variance showed differences in tongue strength between stages of disease progression F(3) = 6.503, p = .001, but not for endurance. Subjects in stage IV exhibited the lowest values. No sex effect was found. Tongue strength showed significant correlations with SWAL-QOL domains such as food selection, symptoms frequency and eating duration. CONCLUSION: Tongue strength and endurance are significantly reduced in Parkinson's disease. Tongue strength is higher in the early stage of the disease and significantly different from that of more severe stages, emerging the notion that tongue strength is a sensitive indicator of disease progression. Selected items regarding swallowing quality of life are strongly associated with tongue strength.

Influence of handgrip strength on pharyngeal transit time in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between Handgrip Strength (HGS), dysphagia classification, nutritional aspects, and Pharyngeal Transit Time (PTT) in subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). METHODS: Study based on the analysis of secondary data from a database. The sample comprised 15 COPD patients of both sexes and a mean age of 65.7 years. We collected information on HGS, videofluoroscopic swallowing study, Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST), and Body Mass Index (BMI). We applied correlation, effect size, and logistic regression tests at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: Most individuals had severe COPD (66.7%), mean dominant HGS of 28.2, and non-dominant HGS of 25.3. Five subjects were malnourished, five were well-nourished, and five were obese. Most of them had normal swallowing (40%), normal V-VST results (60%), and PTT of 0.89 s (liquid) and 0.81 s (pudding-thick). There was no significant correlation between the swallowing classification and the other variables. We obtained a significant correlation (p = 0.015), though weak (r = -0.611), between non-dominant HGS and PTT. Regarding the binary logistic regression, HGS variables and HGS asymmetry were not enough to be considered a risk to clinically abnormal swallowing (V-VST). CONCLUSION: Subjects with COPD in this study had a longer PTT than reported in the literature for normal subjects and a weak correlation between PTT and non-dominant HGS. The variables related to muscle condition were not considered predictors for abnormal swallowing.

Influence of Breathing Modes and Facial Growth Patterns on Electromyographic Fatigue of Masticatory Muscles in Children

Abstract Introduction Changes in breathing patterns affect the harmonious development of the structures of the craniofacial system, leading to changes in posture, occlusion, and facial growth patterns. However, little is known about how these changes influence the muscle contraction patterns, either at rest or while functioning, and either in a normal or unbalanced condition. Objective To study the masseter and anterior temporal muscles fatigue during mastication in nasal- and mouth-breathing children, also considering their facial growth patterns. Methods: A total of 70 children aged 6 to 12 years old who met the study criteria were assessed. Speech-language-hearing, otorhinolaryngologic, and cephalometric assessments were performed to divide them into groups. In the electromyographic assessment, the children were asked to chew gum following a metronome until they felt fatigued. The median frequency of the muscles was analyzed at 15, 30, 45, and 60seconds of mastication.The reported time of fatigue perception was recorded. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U tests. Results There were no median frequency decrease patterns nor differences in the myoelectric manifestations and reported time of fatigue between the groups. Conclusion The masticatory muscles did not reveal fatigue in the electromyographic analysis; however, the fatigue time was reported, despite the absence of physiological fatigue. The breathing mode, the facial growth pattern, and the association between them did not interfere with the behavior of the median frequency of the electromyographic signal and the fatigue time perception.

University professors' quality of life and posture during the COVID-19 pandemic / Qualidade de vida e postura de professores universitários durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic led to adaptations in educational settings, such as replacing in-person with online classes. Hence, teachers increased their screen time, posing a greater risk to their mental health, quality of life, and body posture. Objective To assess and correlate the quality of life and body posture of higher education faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This exploratory research initially contacted participants via digital invitations during the pandemic. Volunteers answered an online questionnaire with data on eligibility criteria and were later assessed regarding their quality of life (SF-36) and postural biomechanics (SAPO software). The variables in question were correlated regarding sex and age ranges with Spearman's correlation, setting the significance level at 5%. Results The sample had 21 professors of both sexes, aged 26 to 62 years (mean age of 38.47 years; SD = 8.53). The females' mean age was 40.27 years (SD = 8.47) and that of males was 33.83 years (SD = 7.38). Males had a greater correlation between cervical spine issues and mental and physical domains, while females had body posture changes and a moderate correlation mainly with physical quality-of-life domains. Conclusion There was a correlation between body posture and quality of life in higher education faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo Introdução A pandemia de COVID-19 gerou adaptações nos ambientes pedagógicos, como alteração das aulas presenciais para online. Em consequência, estar em maior tempo frente às telas aumentou o risco à saúde mental, qualidade de vida e postura corporal dos professores. Objetivo Avaliar e correlacionar a qualidade de vida e a postura corporal de professores do ensino superior durante o período de pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Pesquisa exploratória na qual foi realizado contato inicial por meio de convites digitais durante a pandemia. Os voluntários responderam a um questionário online com dados sobre critérios de elegibilidade e posteriormente foram avaliados quanto à qualidade de vida (SF-36) e biomecânica postural (software SAPO). Foram correlacionadas as variáveis em questão quanto ao sexo e faixa etária, através da correlação de Spearman, sendo considerado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A amostra ficou constituída de 21 professores do ensino superior, de ambos os sexos e faixa etária entre 26 e 62 anos (média de idade de 38,47 anos e DP = 8,53). Entre as mulheres, a média de idade foi de 40,27 anos (DP = 8,47) e entre os homens foi de 33,83 anos (DP = 7,38). O sexo masculino apresentou maior correlação relacionada às questões de coluna cervical com domínios mentais e físicos, enquanto o feminino demonstrou alteração na postura corporal e correlação moderada principalmente com os domínios físicos da qualidade de vida. Conclusão Houve correlação entre postura corporal e qualidade de vida de professores do ensino superior durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Electromyographic analysis of suprahyoid musculature before and after therapy taping in young women

ABSTRACT Purpose: to compare the effects of a tongue coupling program with and without therapy taping on suprahyoid muscles in young women. Methods: participants were 14 women aged 19 to 25 years, allocated into two groups. The Experimental Group did 15-second tongue coupling in combination with tape use without tension, while the Control Group only did tongue coupling. Electromyography was used to analyze the suprahyoid muscles before, during, and after training, at rest, in maximum voluntary contraction, and in swallowing. The domains of amplitude and frequency of the electromyography signal were considered, in situations before, after and during the intervention, after which, the therapy taping appreciation questionnaire was administered. The chi-square test was used for clinical variables, Student's t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare before and after the intervention, and the Friedman ANOVA test was used for the training. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: no statistically significant differences were found in muscle activity when comparing values before and after the intervention at rest and in swallowing in either group or between them. However, there was a general increase in maximum voluntary contraction in both regions, in both groups. There were positive impressions regarding tape use. Conclusion: this approach in this population did not interfere with muscle activity, although there were positive qualitative results regarding the perception of the stimulated area.

Effects of a tongue training program in Parkinson's disease: Analysis of electrical activity and strength of suprahyoid muscles.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscle and the tongue pressure in a two-wing program of tongue strengthening in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: A pre-post-detraining design study included sixty PD patients assigned to two groups randomly. The experimental group (EG) performed tongue isometric pressure exercises using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument with an increasing scheme of 5% load weekly and traditional tongue therapy for 8 weeks. The control group (CG) performed only traditional therapy. The electrical activity of suprahyoids was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG) during tongue-to-palate pressure. Four selected domains of the Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QOL) mostly related to tongue strength were considered. RESULTS: The experimental group showed increased sEMG values of suprahyoid muscles reaching statistically significant difference at the fourth week of tongue training, while the control did it at the eighth week. Experimental group showed significant improvements in tongue strength (d = 2.128; p = 0.000). Only controls showed detraining effect. Statistically significant difference within groups were found in one and three dimensions of the SWAL-QOL in the CG and EG, respectively. CONCLUSION: Analysis of electrical activity on suprahyoids muscles provided a better understanding of the changes underlying the outcomes of tongue strength gains obtained through a combined tongue strengthening exercises protocol in PD. Such protocol led not only to increased tongue strength but also to a better perceived swallowing function in PD subjects.

Electromyographic biofeedback and visual feedback in myofunctional therapy: usage profile by speech-language-hearing pathologists / Biofeedback eletromiográfico e feedback visual na terapia miofuncional: perfil de uso pelos fonoaudiólogos

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify the usage profile of mirrors and electromyographic biofeedback to support myofunctional therapy by speech-language-hearing therapists who work with oral-motor function in Brazil. Methods: a quantitative cross-sectional study with an online (SurveyMonkey) questionnaire, which was structured with questions on the use of mirrors and/or electromyographic biofeedback. A descriptive analysis was made, and the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test were applied (p < 0.05). Results: most professionals (23 [82.14%]) used mirrors, whereas only five (17.85%) used electromyographic biofeedback. The electromyographic biofeedback was used at some point with all age groups, to treat mastication and swallowing functions and facial mimics. Dysphagia and facial palsy were regularly or occasionally treated with it. The patients' perception was significantly associated with the use of either instrument. The electromyographic biofeedback group showed a consensus among patients, while approximately half of the mirror group (12 [52.17%]) were indifferent to its use. Conclusion: the profile showed young adult professionals, who used national equipment. The findings reinforce the need for research on complementary therapeutic procedures in the field of oral-motor functions, particularly, electromyographic biofeedback.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o perfil de uso do espelho e do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico como suporte à terapia miofuncional por Fonoaudiólogos atuantes na área de Motricidade Orofacial no Brasil. Métodos: estudo quantitativo e transversal, por meio da aplicação de questionário online (plataforma SurveyMonkey). O questionário foi estruturado com perguntas sobre o uso do espelho e/ou do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico. Foi realizada análise descritiva e aplicação dos Testes U de Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: a maioria dos profissionais, 23 (82,14%), utiliza o espelho, enquanto apenas cinco (17,85%) utilizam o biofeedback eletromiográfico. O Biofeedback Eletromiográfico é eventualmente utilizado em todas as faixas etárias, assim como para as funções de mastigação, deglutição e mímica facial. As patologias referidas com uso regular e eventual foram a disfagia e a paralisia facial. Houve associação significante na percepção dos pacientes em relação ao uso de algum dos instrumentos, porém no grupo do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico houve consenso entre os pacientes e, no grupo espelho, aproximadamente metade 12 (52,17%) achou indiferente. Conclusão: o perfil encontrado foi de profissionais adultos jovens, com uso de instrumentação nacional. Os achados reforçam a necessidade de pesquisas voltadas aos procedimentos terapêuticos complementares na área de Motricidade Orofacial, sobretudo Biofeedback Eletromiográfico.

Association between malocclusion, tongue position and speech distortion in mixed-dentition schoolchildren: an epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Malocclusions are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence, being considered a public health problem worldwide, in addition to be considered an important predictor in the tongue position and speech disorders. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association of malocclusions with tongue position and speech distortion in mixed-dentition schoolchildren from the south of Brazil. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was performed using a database of an epidemiological survey realized in the southern of Brazil, in 2015, for evaluating the dental and myofunctional condition of the mixed-dentition from 7-13 years' schoolchildren. The outcome variables were tongue position and speech distortion, evaluated by a trained and calibrated examiner. Characteristics regarding sociodemographic and oral health measures (Angle's classification of the malocclusion, overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite and respiratory mode) were also assessed. Poisson regression models with adjusted robust variance were used to evaluate the association among predictors variables in the outcomes. Results are presented as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: A total of 547 children were evaluated. Schoolchildren who presented anterior open bite (PR 2.36 95%CI 1.59-3.49) and having oral/oral-nasal breathing (RP 2.51 95%CI 1.70-3.71) are more likely to have altered position of the tongue. Both deep bite and being male represent protection factors for the abnormal tongue position. Regarding speech distortion, deep overbite presents a protective relationship to speech distortion (PR 0.41; 95%CI 0.24-0.71), whereas schoolchildren with posterior crossbite were more likely to present this problem (PR 1.77; 95%CI 1.09-2.88). CONCLUSION: Anterior open bite and posterior crossbite were the malocclusions related to speech distortion and/or altered tongue position. Oral/oral-nasal breathing was also related to myofunctional changes. Deep bite malocclusion was a protective factor for both speech problems and altered tongue position when compared to a normal overbite.

Tongue strength as a clinical feature of oral health in neurological patients: a systematic review / La fuerza lingual como una característica clínica de la salud oral en pacientes neurológicos: una revisión sistemática

Objective:Current oral health assessment has a comprehensive view of the relationship between hard and soft tissues of the mouth as seen by orthodontics and prosthodontics in a healthy population. Despite knowing the influence this relationship has on functional outcomes such as swallowing and mastication, motor evaluation of soft tissue such as the tongue is still scarce. This lack of knowledge is even greater in individuals with a neurological condition. In this sense, the measurement of lingual strength has been addressed by some research as a key element accompanying oral rehabilitation in healthy populations. Acknowledging the importance of tongue strength in oral biomechanics, the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) has become a gold standard instrument. The purpose of this article was to search for scientific studies on tongue strength using the IOPI as a research tool in populations with neurological conditions, to know about its inclusion in the clinical practice and comprehensive oral health rehabilitation in this population. Material and Methods: A systematic search in five major databases was carried out based on the PRISMA Protocol. Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, Web of Science and MedCarib databases including articles from 2007 to 2020. To generate the search in each database, three main constructs were developed: (1) "tongue strength IOPI"; (2) "Swallowing Disorders"; (3) "Neurological Diseases". Results:152 studies were identified, 14 were included in the final review. The PEDro scale showed great heterogeneity in the level of evidence between the studies with only 5 RCTs and only two of them on lingual strength training. Conclusion: The IOPI was used mainly to measure tongue strength and only 36% as a clinical training device, which could contribute to improving oral health. The stroke was the most represented (79%).IIIISU.

Objetivo: La evaluación actual de la salud bucal tiene una visión integral de la relación entre los tejidos duros y blandos de la boca según se observa en práctica de la ortodoncia y la prostodoncia en la población sana. Apesar de conocer la influencia que tiene esta relación en resultados funcionales como la deglución y la masticación, la evaluación motora de los tejidos blandos como la lengua es aún escasa. Esta falta de conocimiento es aún mayor en personas con una condición neurológica. En este sentido, la medición de la fuerza lingual ha sido abordada por algunas investigaciones como un elemento clave que acompaña a la rehabilitación oral en población sana. Reconociendo la importancia de la fuerza lingual en la biomecánica bucal, el Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) se ha convertido en un instrumento estándar de medición. El propósito de este artículo fue buscar estudios científicos sobre la fuerza lingual en pacientes neurológicos utilizando el IOPI como herramienta de investigación, para conocer su inclusión en la intervención clínica y rehabilitación integral de la salud bucal en esta población. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cinco grandes bases de datos basada en el Protocolo PRISMA. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas en las bases PubMed, Medline and Lilacs, Web of Science y MedCarib incluyendo artículos desde 2007 al 2020. Para generar la búsqueda en cada base de datos, se desarrollaron tres constructos: (1) "tongue Strength IOPI"; (2) "Swallowing Disorders"; (3) "Neurological Diseases". Resultados: Se identificaron 152 estudios, 14 se incluyeron en la revisión final. La escala PEDro se evidenció gran heterogeneidad en el nivel de evidencia entre los estudios con sólo 5 RCT y únicamente dos de ellos sobre entrenamiento de fuerza lingual. El IOPI se utilizó principalmente para medir la fuerza lingual y sólo en un 36% como dispositivo de entrenamiento clínico, lo cual pudiese contribuir a mejorar la salud oral. Conclusion: El ACV fue el más representado (79%). Se necesita adicionar evidencia sobre el entrenamiento de la fuerza lingual en individuos con afecciones neurológicas como la enfermedad de Parkinson dada la creciente prevalencia reportada por la literatura científica.

Tongue coupling as a therapeutic strategy: electromyographic analysis of different training approaches / Acoplamento de língua como estratégia terapêutica: análise eletromiográfica de diferentes propostas de treino

ABSTRACT Purpose: to compare the effect of two tongue coupling approaches on the electrical activity of the suprahyoid musculature in young women. Methods: the sample comprised 47 women aged 18 to 27 years, distributed into groups, according to exercise training time - 10 and 15 seconds. They answered an initial questionnaire and were submitted to speech-language-hearing clinical assessment, body mass index calculation, and electromyographic assessment. Two electrodes were positioned bilaterally on the skin in the region of the suprahyoid musculature to pick up the electromyographic signal. The women performed the tests with resting periods and maximum voluntary contraction, coupling the tongue with the hard palate as strongly as possible, followed by three training series coupling the tongue with the palate. The collected data regarding amplitude and frequency of the myoelectrical activity were analyzed, by comparing the performance within the two groups and one another with the Friedman and One-Way ANOVA tests, and Mann-Whitney U test, at the 5% significance level. Results: no statistical significance was observed between the groups when comparing their performance in the series, neither was there any decrease in the median frequency in each group while performing the three series. Conclusion: no effect on the electrical activity of the suprahyoid musculature was found in young women when they performed isometric tongue coupling exercise training.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o efeito, na atividade elétrica dos músculos supra-hióideos, de duas propostas de realização do acoplamento de língua por mulheres jovens. Métodos: participaram da amostra 47 mulheres, com idade entre 18 e 27 anos, distribuídas nos grupos conforme treino do exercício por 10 e 15 segundos. Foram submetidas a um questionário inicial, avaliação clínica fonoaudiológica, cálculo do índice de Massa Corporal e avaliação eletromiográfica. Para captação do sinal eletromiográfico, foram posicionados bilateralmente sobre a pele dois eletrodos, na região dos músculos supra-hióideos. Foram realizadas as provas de repouso e contração voluntária máxima mediante acoplamento de língua com força máxima, seguidos do treino com acoplamento da língua ao palato por três séries. Os dados coletados foram analisados quanto à atividade mioelétrica nos níveis da amplitude e da frequência, sendo comparados os desempenhos dos dois grupos entre si e dentro de cada grupo através dos Teste ANOVA de Friedmann, One-Way e Teste U-Mann-Whitney. Foi considerado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: não foi observada significância estatística ao comparar o desempenho das séries entre os grupos, assim como não houve decréscimo da frequência mediana durante a realização das três séries em cada grupo. Conclusão: não foi encontrado efeito na atividade elétrica dos músculos supra-hióideos quando executado treino de exercício isométrico de acoplamento de língua em mulheres jovens.

Association between malocclusion, tongue position and speech distortion in mixed-dentition schoolchildren: an epidemiological study

Abstract Background Malocclusions are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence, being considered a public health problem worldwide, in addition to be considered an important predictor in the tongue position and speech disorders. Objective Evaluate the association of malocclusions with tongue position and speech distortion in mixed-dentition schoolchildren from the south of Brazil. Methodology This cross-sectional study was performed using a database of an epidemiological survey realized in the southern of Brazil, in 2015, for evaluating the dental and myofunctional condition of the mixed-dentition from 7-13 years' schoolchildren. The outcome variables were tongue position and speech distortion, evaluated by a trained and calibrated examiner. Characteristics regarding sociodemographic and oral health measures (Angle's classification of the malocclusion, overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite and respiratory mode) were also assessed. Poisson regression models with adjusted robust variance were used to evaluate the association among predictors variables in the outcomes. Results are presented as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results A total of 547 children were evaluated. Schoolchildren who presented anterior open bite (PR 2.36 95%CI 1.59-3.49) and having oral/oral-nasal breathing (RP 2.51 95%CI 1.70-3.71) are more likely to have altered position of the tongue. Both deep bite and being male represent protection factors for the abnormal tongue position. Regarding speech distortion, deep overbite presents a protective relationship to speech distortion (PR 0.41; 95%CI 0.24-0.71), whereas schoolchildren with posterior crossbite were more likely to present this problem (PR 1.77; 95%CI 1.09-2.88). Conclusion Anterior open bite and posterior crossbite were the malocclusions related to speech distortion and/or altered tongue position. Oral/oral-nasal breathing was also related to myofunctional changes. Deep bite malocclusion was a protective factor for both speech problems and altered tongue position when compared to a normal overbite.

Nasal patency and craniocervical posture in scholar children / Patência nasal e postura craniocervical em crianças em idade escolar / Permeabilidad nasal y postura craneocervical en niños escolares

ABSTRACT Changes in head posture have been observed as a compensatory mechanism for the nasal airflow impairment. This study aimed to compare the craniocervical posture between children with normal and decreased nasal patency and correlate nasal patency with craniocervical posture. Children aging from six to twelve years went through nasal patency and craniocervical assessments. The biophotogrammetric measures of craniocervical posture used were Cervical Distance (CD), Head Horizontal Alignment (HHA) and Flexion-Extension Head Position (FE), evaluated by SAPO software (v.0.68). Nasal patency was measured using Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow meter (PNIF) and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. One hundred thirty-three children were distributed into two groups: G1 (normal nasal patency - PNIF higher than 80% of predicted value) with 90 children; G2 (decreased nasal patency - PNIF lower than 80% of predicted value) with 43 children. Differences between groups were not found in CD and HHA measures. FE was significantly higher in G2 than G1 (p=0.023). Negative weak correlation between FE and %PNIF (r=-0.266; p=0.002) and positive weak correlation between CD and PNIF (r=0.209; p=0.016) were found. NOSE scores negatively correlated with PNIF (r=-0.179; p=0.039). Children with decreased nasal patency presented greater head extension. This postural deviation is prone to increase as nasal airflow decreases, thus indicating the relationship between craniocervical posture and nasal patency. Lower values of PNIF reflected on additional problems caused by nasal obstruction symptoms.

RESUMO Mudanças na postura da cabeça têm sido observadas como um mecanismo de compensação para a perda de fluxo de ar nasal. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a postura craniocervical entre crianças com patência nasal normal e reduzida e patência nasal correlacionada com postura craniocervical. Crianças de seis a doze anos passaram por avaliações de patência nasal e craniocervical. As medidas biofotogramétricas de postura craniocervical utilizadas foram distância cervical (CD), alinhamento horizontal cabeça (HHA) e flexo-extensão da cabeça (FE), avaliadas pelo software SAPO (v.0.68). A patência nasal foi medida utilizando o medidor de pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal (PNIF) e escala de avaliação dos sintomas de obstrução nasal (NOSE). Cento trinta e três crianças foram distribuídas em dois grupos: G1 (patência nasal normal - PNIF superior a 80% do valor previsto) com 90 crianças; G2 (patência nasal reduzida - PNIF menor que 80% do valor previsto) com 43 crianças. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos nas medidas CD e HHA. FE foi significativamente superior em G2 do que em G1 (p=0,023). Foram encontradas fraca correlação negativa entre FE e %PNIF (r=-0,266; p = 0,002) e fraca correlação positiva entre CD e PNIF (r=0,209; p=0,016). A contagem NOSE foi negativamente correlacionada com o PNIF (r =-0,179; p=0,039). Crianças com patência nasal reduzida apresentaram maior extensão de cabeça. Este desvio postural é propenso a aumentar à medida que o fluxo de ar nasal diminui, o que indica a relação entre postura craniocervical e patência nasal. Valores mais baixos de PNIF refletem sobre problemas adicionais causados por sintomas de obstrução nasal.

RESUMEN Los cambios en la postura de la cabeza se han observado como un mecanismo de compensación para el deterioro del flujo de aire nasal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la postura craneocervical entre los niños con la permeabilidad nasal normal y reducida y correlacionar la permeabilidad nasal con la postura craneocervical. Los niños de seis a doce años pasaron por evaluaciones de permeabilidad nasal y craneocervicales. Las medidas fotogramétricas de la postura craneocervical utilizadas fueron Distancia cervical (CD), Alineación horizontal de la cabeza (HHA) y Flexión-Extensión de la posición de la cabeza (FE), evaluadas por el software SAPO (v.0.68). La permeabilidad nasal se midió utilizando Medidor de Flujo Máximo Inspiratorio Nasal (MFMI) y la escala Evaluación de Síntomas de Obstrucción Nasal (ESON). Ciento treinta y tres niños fueron distribuidos en dos grupos: G1 (permeabilidad nasal normal - PNIF superior a 80% del valor predicho) con 90 niños; G2 (la disminución de la permeabilidad nasal - PNIF inferior a 80% del valor predicho) con 43 niños. No se encontraron diferencias entre grupos en las medidas CD y HHA. FE fue significativamente mayor en G2 que en G1 (p=0.023). Se encontraron correlación negativa y débil entre FE y %PNIF (r=-0.266; p=0.002) y correlación positiva y débil entre CD y PNIF (r=0.209; p=0.016). Las puntuaciones del NOSE fueron negativamente correlacionadas con PNIF (r=-0.179; p=0.039). Los niños con baja permeabilidad nasal presentaron una mayor extensión de la cabeza. Esta desviación postural propicia la probabilidad de la disminución del flujo de aire nasal, por lo tanto indica la relación entre la postura craneocervical y la permeabilidad nasal. Valores bajos del PNIF se reflejan en los problemas adicionales causados por síntomas de obstrucción nasal.

Medidas antropométricas orofaciais de crianças segundo o tipo facial / Anthropometric orofacial measurements of children according to facial type

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as medidas antropométricas orofaciais segundo o tipo facial de crianças do sexo masculino e feminino. Métodos: participaram do estudo 126 crianças, 64 do sexo feminino e 62 do sexo masculino, com idade entre sete anos e 11 anos. As medidas antropométricas orofaciais foram comparadas entre os tipos faciais obtidos por meio da análise cefalométrica. Inicialmente foi realizada análise descritiva dos tipos faciais de acordo com os sexos. Por meio da Análise de Variância, foi realizada a comparação das medidas antropométricas no sexo masculino e feminino isoladamente e, posteriormente, foi realizada a análise independe do sexo. Os dados foram analisados considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: encontrou-se um número maior de braquifaciais, seguidos de mesofaciais e dolicofaciais na totalidade da amostra. Na comparação das medidas antropométricas entre os três tipos faciais, evidenciou-se no sexo masculino diferença significante na medida de terço facial inferior e no sexo feminino, nas medidas da altura facial, terço inferior e lábio inferior. Quando comparadas as medidas antropométricas de forma independente do sexo, evidenciou-se diferença significante no terço inferior, lados direito e esquerdo da face, lábios superior e inferior. Conclusão: como esperado, nas análises de todos os resultados, considerando ou não os sexos, as medidas antropométricas orofaciais foram menores nos braquifaciais, com maior evidência encontrada nas medidas relacionadas ao plano vertical inferior.

ABSTRACT Purpose: assess anthropometric orofacial measurements of boys and girls according to facial type. Methods: participants were 126 children, 64 girls and 62 boys, aged between seven and 11 years. Anthropometric orofacial measurements were compared between the facial types obtained by cephalometric analysis. Initially, a descriptive analysis of facial types was conducted based on sex. Anthropometric measurements in boys and girls were compared separately by analysis of variance, followed by sex-independent analysis. Data were analyzed considering a significance level of 5%. Results: a larger number of brachyfacial individuals were found in the sample, followed by mesofacial and dolichofacial subjects. Comparison of facial measurements for the three types showed a significant difference in the lower third of the face among boys, and in face height, lower third and lower lip among girls. When anthropometric measurements were compared independently of sex, a significant difference was observed in the lower third, right and left sides of the face, as well as the upper and lower lips. Conclusion: as expected, analyses of all the results, considering sex or not, found lower anthropometric orofacial measurements in brachyfacial individuals, which was most evident in measurements related to the lower vertical plane.

A Site-Specific, Sustained-Release Drug Delivery System for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Nimodipine is the only drug approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration for improving outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has less than optimal efficacy, causes dose-limiting hypotension in a substantial proportion of patients, and is administered enterally 6 times daily. We describe development of site-specific, sustained-release nimodipine microparticles that can be delivered once directly into the subarachnoid space or cerebral ventricles for potential improvement in outcome of patients with aneurysmal SAH. Eight injectable microparticle formulations of nimodipine in poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymers of varying composition were tested in vitro, and 1 was advanced into preclinical studies and clinical application. Intracisternal or intraventricular injection of nimodipine-PLGA microparticles in rats and beagles demonstrated dose-dependent, sustained concentrations of nimodipine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid for up to 29 days with minimal toxicity in the brain or systemic tissues at doses <2 mg in rats and 51 mg in beagles, which would be equivalent of up to 612-1200 mg in humans, based on scaling relative to cerebrospinal fluid volumes. Efficacy was tested in the double-hemorrhage dog model of SAH. Nimodipine-PLGA microparticles significantly attenuated angiographic vasospasm. This therapeutic approach shows promise for improving outcome after SAH and may have broader applicability for similar diseases that are confined to body cavities or spaces, are self-limited, and lack effective treatments.

Avaliação clínica e eletromiográfica da mastigação nos diferentes padrões de crescimento facial / Clinical and electromyographic evaluation of mastication within different facial growth patterns

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a função mastigatória nos diferentes padrões faciais de crescimento por meio da avaliação clínica e eletromiográfica dos músculos masseteres e temporais anteriores. Métodos: foram selecionadas 65 crianças entre seis e 12 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, que se adequaram aos critérios do estudo. Foi realizada avaliação clínica da mastigação tendo por base o protocolo MBGR e a avaliação eletromiográfica dos músculos masseteres e temporais anteriores, mediante mastigação contínua direcionada. Os dados foram analisados considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: na avaliação clínica da mastigação, não foi observada diferença significante entre os três padrões faciais estudados, apenas tendência à significância para as contrações musculares não esperadas, sendo observada maior ocorrência nos dolicofaciais (66,67%), seguido dos mesofaciais (46,67%) e braquifaciais (26,83%). Na avaliação eletromiográfica da mastigação, não foi observada diferença significante entre os três grupos estudados. Ao comparar os músculos para cada padrão facial, verificou-se nas crianças braquifaciais maior atividade elétrica do músculo masseter direito em relação ao temporal direito e maior atividade elétrica do músculo temporal esquerdo em relação ao músculo temporal direito (p=0,049). Conclusão: os resultados das avaliações clínica e eletromiográfica da mastigação não se diferiram nos padrões faciais, sugerindo que o padrão por si só não é determinante nas modificações da função mastigatória e que estas podem estar relacionadas a outras variáveis não consideradas neste estudo.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: to analyze masticatory function within different facial types through clinical and electromyographic evaluation of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Methods: sixty-five children aged six to 12 years old, males and females, who met the study criteria, were selected. The clinical evaluation of mastication was performed based on the MBGR protocol, as well as the electromiography of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles, on the right and left side in directed continued mastication. The data were analyzed considering the significance level of 5%. Results: in the clinical evaluation of mastication, no significant differences between the three facial types studied were observed, except for a tendency to significance in unexpected muscle contractions, with the highest occurrence observed in dolichofacials (66.67%), followed by mesofacials (46.67%) e brachyfacials (26.83%). Through electromyographic evaluation, no significant differences between the three groups studied were observed. Comparing the muscles within each facial type, a higher electrical activity of the right masseter muscle over the right temporal, and a higher electrical activity of the left temporal muscle over the right temporal muscle (p=0.049) was verified. Conclusion: the results of clinical and electromyographic evaluations of mastication did not differ within the facial types, suggesting that the pattern of facial growth itself is not a determinant in the modifications of the masticatory function and these modifications might be related to other variations not taken into account in this study.

Biofeedback eletromiográfico no tratamento das disfunções orofaciais neurogênicas: revisão sistemática de literatura / Electromyography biofeedback in the treatment of neurogenic orofacial disorders: systematic review of the literature

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se o uso do biofeedback eletromiográfico na terapia voltada às funções orofaciais (expressão facial, mastigação, deglutição, fonação e fala) produz efeitos benéficos para os indivíduos com doenças neurológicas. Estratégia de pesquisa Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, por meio dos descritores "electromyographic biofeedback", "swallowing", "speech" "chewing", "phonation", e "facial expression". A busca nas bases de dados e a seleção dos artigos foram realizadas independentemente, por duas pesquisadoras e, nos casos de não concordância, houve discussão fundamentada nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para que chegassem a um consenso. Critérios de seleção Foram incluídos estudos experimentais em seres humanos, em inglês e português, que descreveram e discutiram a utilização do biofeedback eletromiográfico no tratamento das alterações das funções orofaciais provenientes de doenças neurológicas. Resultados Foram encontrados 175 artigos, sendo que somente 10 se adequaram aos critérios de inclusão. A maioria dos trabalhos relacionou-se a estudo de caso, seguido por estudos de série de casos, caso controle e ensaio clínico randomizado. A maior parte dos artigos abordou a aplicação da terapia com biofeedback eletromiográfico na função da deglutição, seguida da função da fala e apenas um artigo utilizou esta modalidade de tratamento na terapia para melhora da expressão facial. Não foram encontrados estudos que abordassem o tratamento fonoaudiológico utilizando o biofeedback eletromiográfico em pacientes com doenças neurológicas, nas funções de fonação e mastigação. Conclusão O uso do biofeedback eletromiográfico na terapia voltada às funções orofaciais pode produzir efeitos benéficos para os indivíduos com doenças neurológicas, nas funções de deglutição, fala e expressão facial.

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine whether the use of electromyographic biofeedback in the therapy of orofacial functions (facial expression, chewing, swallowing, phonation and speech) will result in beneficial effects for individuals with neurological diseases. Research strategy A keyword search was conducted in the MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO databases, using the terms "electromyographic biofeedback", "swallowing", "speech", "chewing", "phonation", and "facial expression". The database search and the selection of papers were conducted independently by two researchers. In case of any disagreement, there was a discussion based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that they could reach a common ground. Selection criteria This work has included experimental studies in humans, in English and Portuguese, which described and discussed the use of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of orofacial function diseases resulting from neurological illness. Results A total of 175 papers were found, wherein only 10 fitted the inclusion criteria. Most works were case studies, followed by case series, case control, and only one randomized controlled trial. Most of studies addressed the therapy with electromyographic biofeedback in the swallowing function, followed by speech function, and only one study addressed the use of electromyographic biofeedback in therapy to improve facial expression. No studies addressing speech therapy using electromyographic biofeedback in patients with neurological diseases in the functions of phonation and chewing were found. Conclusion The use of electromyographic biofeedback in the therapy for orofacial functions can result in beneficial effects for individuals with neurological diseases in the swallowing, speech, and facial expression functions.

Padrão de atividade elétrica dos músculos mastigatórios em crianças obesas e eutróficas / Masticatory muscle electrical activity pattern in obese and eutrophic children

Resumo:OBJETIVO:comparar o padrão de atividade elétrica dos músculos mastigatórios de crianças obesas e eutróficas durante os períodos de ativação (on) e inativação (off) muscular por meio da eletromiografia de superfície.MÉTODOS:foram avaliadas 32 crianças, entre 6 e 12 anos de idade, divididas em dois grupos iguais - 16 obesas e 16 eutróficas. As variáveis estudadas incluíram a atividade eletromiográfica da musculatura mastigatória (músculo temporal anterior, masseter e orbicular da boca) durante as atividades de repouso, contração voluntária máxima, mastigação (habitual e direcionada) e deglutição. Para a análise estatística calculou-se a mediana, primeiro e terceiro quartis e utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon, considerando nível de significância de p<0,05.RESULTADOS:os obesos apresentaram semelhanças de ativação muscular em relação aos eutróficos durante as atividades de contração voluntária máxima e repouso. Porém, para as atividades dinâmicas - mastigação habitual, mastigação direcionada e deglutição - os obesos apresentaram medianas de ativação muscular inferiores aos eutróficosna maioria das situações propostas, tanto no período de ativação (on) quanto no período de inativação (off), com diferença estatística significante (p<0,05).CONCLUSÃO:crianças obesas, provavelmente em função do excesso de adiposidade facial, apresentam alterações no condicionamento da musculatura mastigatória, que se refletem durante a realização das funções do sistema estomatognático.

Abstract:PURPOSE:to compare the masticatory muscle electrical activity pattern of obese and eutrophic children during muscle on-off timing using surface electromyography.METHODS:a total of 32 children from 6 to 12 years of age were divided into two equal groups - 16 obese and 16 eutrophic children - and assessed. The variables studied included the electromyography activity of the muscles of mastication (anterior temporalis, masseter and orbicularis oris) during rest, maximum voluntary contraction, mastication (regular and directed), and swallowing. For statistical analysis, the median, and the first and third quartiles were found and the Wilcoxon test was used, considering significance level of p < 0.05.RESULTS:obese children showed similarities in muscle activation compared with eutrophic children during maximum voluntary contraction and rest. However, for dynamic activities - regular and directed mastication and swallowing - obese children had lower muscle activation medians than eutrophic children in most proposed situations, both in the activation period (on) and in the inactivation period (off), with significant statistical difference (p < .05).CONCLUSION:obese children, probably due to excessive facial adiposity, present changes in the conditioning of the masticatory muscles, which are reflected in the performance of the stomatognathic system.

Electromyographic fatigue of orbicular oris muscles during exercises in mouth and nasal breathing children.

PURPOSE: To investigate the process of fatigue in orbicularis oris muscles by analyzing the median frequency of electromyographic signal and the referred fatigue time, according to the breathing mode and the facial pattern. METHODS: The participants were 70 children, aged 6 to 12 years, who matched the established criteria. To be classified as 36 nasal-breathing and 34 mouth-breathing children, they underwent speech-language, otorhinolaryngologic, and cephalometric evaluation. For the electromyographic assessment, the children had to sustain lip dumbbells weighing 40, 60, and 100 g and a lip exerciser, until the feeling of fatigue. Median frequency was analyzed in 5, 10, 15, and 20 seconds of activity. The referred time of the feeling of fatigue was also recorded. Data were analyzed through the analysis of variance--repeated measures (post hoc Tukey's test), Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the median frequency from 5 seconds of activity was observed, independently from the comparison between the groups. On comparison, the muscles did not show significant decrease. The reported time for the feeling of fatigue was shorter for mouth-breathing individuals. This feeling occurred after the significant decrease in the median frequency. CONCLUSION: There were signals that indicated myoelectric fatigue for the orbicularis oris muscles, in both groups analyzed, from the first 5 seconds of activity. Myoelectric fatigue in the orbicularis oris muscles preceded the reported feeling of fatigue in all groups. The account for fatigue time was influenced by only the breathing pattern, occurring more precociously in mouth-breathing children.