RESUMO
Nearly four million yearly deaths can be attributed to respiratory diseases, prompting a huge worldwide health emergency. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic's death toll has surpassed six million, significantly increasing respiratory disease morbidity and mortality rates. Despite recent advances, it is still challenging for many drugs to be homogeneously distributed throughout the lungs, and specifically to reach the lower respiratory tract with an accurate sustained dose and minimal systemic side effects. Engineered nanocarriers can provide increased therapeutic efficacy while lessening potential biochemical adverse reactions. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer, has attracted significant interest as an inhalable drug delivery system. However, the influence of the nanocarrier surface charge and its intratracheal instillation has not been addressed so far. In this study, we fabricated red fluorescent PLGA nanocapsules (NCs)-Cy5/PLGA-with either positive (Cy5/PLGA+) or negative surface charge (Cy5/PLGA-). We report here on their excellent colloidal stability in culture and biological media, and after cryo-storage. Their lack of cytotoxicity in two relevant lung cell types, even for concentrations as high as 10 mg/mL, is also reported. More importantly, differences in the NCs' cell uptake rates and internalization capacity were identified. The uptake of the anionic system was faster and in much higher amounts-10-fold and 2.5-fold in macrophages and epithelial alveolar cells, respectively. The in vivo study demonstrated that anionic PLGA NCs were retained in all lung lobules after 1 h of being intratracheally instilled, and were found to accumulate in lung macrophages after 24 h, making those nanocarriers especially suitable as a pulmonary immunomodulatory delivery system with a marked translational character.
RESUMO
Introducción: la exposición laboral a material particulado puede causar enfermedades de las vías respiratorias, no obstante, la magnitud y frecuencia en la exposición podría también aumentar el riesgo de efectos adversos en la salud cardiovascular. Para los profesionales en el área, es relevante el reconocer este factor de riesgo y sus implicaciones multisistémicas a la salud del trabajador. Objetivo: analizar y describir la influencia de la exposición laboral al material particulado en el sistema cardiovascular y pulmonar en trabajadores de diversas áreas. Material y Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de bibliografía científica relacionada al objetivo de investigación consultando las bases de datos PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Ovid. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos de búsqueda: particulate matter, air pollution, occupational exposure, asociando con los términos: cardiovascular effects, pulmonary effects, pulmonary function, cardiovascular desease y pulmonary desease. Resultados: de 220 artículos potenciales se seleccionaron 50 artículos, de los cuales 10 exponen la influencia del material particulado en el ámbito laboral. Conclusiones: la exposición laboral al material particulado genera problemas de salud, evidenciándose mayor efecto en la disminución de la función pulmonar y aumento de la presión arterial, relacionado a la aparición de enfermedades laborales como asbestosis, silicosis, neumoconiosis, infarto agudo de miocardio y arritmias cardiacas (AU)
Introduction: occupational exposure to particulate matter can cause respiratory diseases, however, the magnitude and frequency of exposure could also increase the risk of adverse effects on cardiovascular health. For professionals in the area, it is important to recognize this risk factor and multisystem implications to the health of the worker. Objective: analyze and describe the influence of occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM) on the cardiovascular and pulmonary system in workers from various areas. Material and Methods: A search of scientific literature related to the research objective uses databases PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Ovid was performed. The following search terms will be used: particulate matter, air pollution, occupational exposure, associating with the terms: cardiovascular effects, pulmonary effects, lung function, cardiovascular disease and pulmonary. disease . Results: out of 220 potential articles, 50 articles were selected, of which 10 expose the influence of particulate matter in the workplace. Conclusions: the main results are that the occupational exposure to particulate matter generates especially health problems, showing a greater effect in the decrease of lung function and increase in blood pressure, related to the appearance of occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias (AU)
