Synthesis and crystal structures of N,2,4,6-tetra-methyl-anilinium tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate and N-iso-propyl-idene-N,2,4,6-tetra-methyl-anilinium tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate.

Two 2,4,6-tri-methyl-aniline-based trifuloro-methane-sulfonate (tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate) salts were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. N,2,4,6-Tetra-methyl-anilinium tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate, [C10H14NH2 +][CF3O3S-] (1), was synthesized via methyl-ation of 2,4,6-tri-methyl-aniline. N-Iso-propyl-idene-N,2,4,6-tetra-methyl-anilinium tri-fluoro-meth-ane-sulfonate, [C13H20N+][CF3O3S-] (2), was synthesized in a two-step reaction where the imine, N-iso-propyl-idene-2,4,6-tri-methyl-aniline, was first prepared via a dehydration reaction to form the Schiff base, followed by methyl-ation using methyl tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate to form the iminium ion. In compound 1, both hydrogen bonding and π-π inter-actions form the main inter-molecular inter-actions. The primary inter-action is a strong N-H⋯O hydrogen bond with the oxygen atoms of the tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate anions bonded to the hydrogen atoms of the ammonium nitro-gen atom to generate a one-dimensional chain. The [C10H14NH2 +] cations form dimers where the benzene rings form a π-π inter-action with a parallel-displaced geometry. The separation distance between the calculated centroids of the benzene rings is 3.9129 (8) Å, and the inter-planar spacing and ring slippage between the dimers are 3.5156 (5) and 1.718 Å, respectively. For 2, the [C13H20N+] cations also form dimers as in 1, but with the benzene rings highly slipped. The distance between the calculated centroids of the benzene rings is 4.8937 (8) Å, and inter-planar spacing and ring slippage are 3.3646 (5) and 3.553 Å, respectively. The major inter-molecular inter-actions in 2 are instead a series of weaker C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds [C⋯O distances of 3.1723 (17), 3.3789 (18), and 3.3789 (18) Å], an inter-action virtually absent in the structure of 1. Fluorine atoms are not involved in strong directional inter-actions in either structure.

Child guidance in interwar Scotland: international influences and domestic concerns.

Child guidance was central to twentieth-century international programs of "mental hygiene," with the shift from an emphasis on children's physical health to concern with their mental health. In interwar Britain it was supported by American philanthropy and influenced by American practice, especially the latter's emphasis on the dominant role of psychiatry. In Scotland the psychiatric model undoubtedly gained purchase. But in a highly contested field this approach also encountered resistance from psychologists, while the powerful Catholic Church had strong views about the areas of child mental health and development into which psychiatry might be allowed to venture.

Prenatal diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with obstructed supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

We describe our experience with prenatal diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. We also suspected obstruction in the ascending vertical vein as it crossed the right bronchus and coursed superiorly to join the right superior caval vein. This finding was confirmed on postnatal echocardiography, and at autopsy.