Simultaneous determination of anions in nanoliter volumes.

BACKGROUND: The study of renal tubular transport requires the ability to accurately measure ion concentrations in samples taken from single tubules. Sample collection and analysis are laborious, so methods allowing determination of multiple ion species in a small volume sample are advantageous. This article describes a method for the simultaneous analysis of anions at physiologic concentrations in nanoliter volumes of tubular fluid. METHOD: The analysis is performed using capillary zone electrophoresis. Diluted samples are moved along a capillary by bulk transport and separated according to charge and size. Peaks corresponding to anions are obtained by ultraviolet (UV) detection; peak area is proportional to ion concentration. RESULTS: The anions chloride, nitrate, citrate, phosphate, and bicarbonate were separated in less than 4 minutes, and iothalamate in less than 5 minutes. Simultaneous quantitative analysis was performed for chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate, demonstrating detection limits of 12 fmol for chloride, 12 fmol for phosphate, and 72 fmol for bicarbonate. A comparison between this method and a flow-through microfluorimeter analysis of chloride showed good agreement between the two micro-methods. Illustrative data from proximal and distal tubular fluid samples obtained by micropuncture (volume 30-70 nL) are given, as are results from urine samples. RESULTS: Results for chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate in control material are in close agreement with the certified values, while values in tubular fluid are in accordance with previously published results. CONCLUSION: This method provides a straightforward means of analyzing multiple anions in small volume biological samples.

The natriuretic effect of glibenclamide: evidence for a non-luminal site of action.

Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle (LOH) contributes to the natriuretic effect of systemically administered glibenclamide. Although it has been suggested that the underlying mechanism involves inhibition of low-conductance potassium channels in the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb, these channels are relatively insensitive to glibenclamide ( K(i) ~200 micro M). In the present study we used capillary electrophoresis techniques to determine plasma and tubular fluid concentrations of glibenclamide in anaesthetised, glibenclamide-infused rats during maximal natriuresis. The plasma glibenclamide concentration was 158+/-29 micro M, whereas that in the tubular fluid entering the LOH was below detectable limits (10 micro M). In additional experiments, rats were infused intravenously with either glibenclamide or vehicle alone, while the LOH was perfused with a standard, glibenclamide-free solution. Loop sodium reabsorption ( J(Na)) was significantly reduced in the rats receiving the drug (vehicle: J(Na) 1.65+/-0.05 nmol/min, n=23; glibenclamide: J(Na) 1.34+/-0.07 nmol/min, n=36; P<0.01). In a further group of rats, glibenclamide was introduced directly into the LOH at a concentration known to inhibit the low-conductance potassium channel in vitro (250 micro M). However, J(Na) was unaffected. These data confirm that systemic glibenclamide inhibits sodium reabsorption in the LOH but argue strongly that it does not act from the luminal site.