Effect of the New Nordic Diet compared with usual care on glucose control in gestational diabetes mellitus: Study protocol for the randomized controlled trial intervention with new Nordic DIet in women with GestatiOnal diabetes mellitus (iNDIGO).

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication associated with short- and long-term health consequences for mother and child. First line treatment is diet and exercise but there is a recognized knowledge gap as to what diet treatment is optimal. A healthy Nordic diet has been associated with improved health but no studies in women with GDM exist. The New Nordic Diet (NND) is an initiative with the purpose to develop a healthy Nordic diet including foods with the potential to grow in Nordic countries; including fruit, berries, vegetables, whole-grain cereal products, nuts, fish, and rapeseed oil. The purpose of the intervention with new Nordic DIet in women with GestatiOnal diabetes mellitus (iNDIGO) is to test if the NND compared with usual care improves glucose control in women with GDM. METHODS: The iNDIGO study is a randomized parallel controlled trial where 50 women with GDM will be randomized to either an NND or usual care for 14 days (30-32 weeks of gestation). Participants in the NND group will receive menus and food bags containing foods to be consumed. Primary outcome is glycemic control (time in target) measured using continuous glucose monitoring. Compliance to the dietary intervention will be tested using dietary biomarkers and adherence questionnaires. CONCLUSION: Diet treatment represents first line treatment in GDM but it remains unclear what type of diets are effective. iNDIGO is an efficacy study and will provide evidence as to whether a healthy Nordic diet can improve glucose control in women with GDM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov registration Number: NCT04169243. Registered 19 November 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04169243.

Different fatty acid pattern in breast milk of obese compared to normal-weight mothers.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid (FA) pattern in breast milk of obese mothers and their neonates' plasma compared to those of normal weight mothers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an observational study of 41 obese and 41 normal weight pregnant women. Twenty-nine obese women participating in a weight reduction program were investigated for comparison. FAs were analyzed in breast milk collected at 3 and 10 days and one and two months postnatally and in infant's plasma 3 days after birth. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of long-chain n-3 FA were lower and the ratio n-6/n-3 FA higher in neonates and in consecutive samples of breast milk of obese mothers compared to normal weight mothers. The obese mothers that participated in an intervention program with general dietary advice had FA concentrations approaching that of the normal-weight mothers. The study indicates importance of dietary advice in pregnancy.