RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coronary spasm is an established cause for myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries, and can be diagnosed using intracoronary acetylcholine testing. However, it has been questioned whether such testing is feasible and safe in the acute phase. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of coronary spasm and the safety of the acetylcholine test in patients with myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries compared to patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronaries. METHODS: One hundred and eighty selected patients (52% women, mean age 62±13 years) with either myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries (n=80) or stable angina and unobstructed coronaries (n=100) were enrolled from 2007-2018. All patients underwent the acetylcholine test according to a standardised protocol immediately after diagnostic angiography. Apart from assessment of clinical, demographic and risk factor data, side effects and complications during the acetylcholine test were recorded. RESULTS: Overall, epicardial spasm was found in 26% with a higher prevalence among the myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries compared to the stable angina patients (35% vs 19%, p=0.017). Microvascular spasm was found in 42% with a higher prevalence among the stable patients compared to the myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries cohort (53% vs 29%, p=0.0014). There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of side effects (16% vs 14%, p=0.674) or complications (1% vs 2.5%, p=0.438) between the two groups. None of the patients experienced irreversible complications. CONCLUSION: Coronary spasm is a frequent cause for myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries. Spasm provocation testing using acetylcholine is feasible in such patients in the acute phase. The complication rate during acetylcholine testing in myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries patients is low and comparable to patients with stable angina.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coronary spasm is an established cause for myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries, and can be diagnosed using intracoronary acetylcholine testing. However, it has been questioned whether such testing is feasible and safe in the acute phase. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of coronary spasm and the safety of the acetylcholine test in patients with myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries compared to patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronaries. METHODS: One hundred and eighty selected patients (52% women, mean age 62±13 years) with either myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries (n=80) or stable angina and unobstructed coronaries (n=100) were enrolled from 2007-2018. All patients underwent the acetylcholine test according to a standardised protocol immediately after diagnostic angiography. Apart from assessment of clinical, demographic and risk factor data, side effects and complications during the acetylcholine test were recorded. RESULTS: Overall, epicardial spasm was found in 26% with a higher prevalence among the myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries compared to the stable angina patients (35% vs 19%, p=0.017). Microvascular spasm was found in 42% with a higher prevalence among the stable patients compared to the myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries cohort (53% vs 29%, p=0.0014). There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of side effects (16% vs 14%, p=0.674) or complications (1% vs 2.5%, p=0.438) between the two groups. None of the patients experienced irreversible complications. CONCLUSION: Coronary spasm is a frequent cause for myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries. Spasm provocation testing using acetylcholine is feasible in such patients in the acute phase. The complication rate during acetylcholine testing in myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries patients is low and comparable to patients with stable angina.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of aortic valve calcification and brain morphology on acute peri-procedural cerebrovascular events (CVEs) in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). BACKGROUND: Aortic valve calcification and stenosis can be assessed with echocardiography. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicts and quantifies morphological signs of hypoperfusion and vascular embolism, which is of special interest in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Furthermore, subjects who undergo TAVI are prone to suffer of clinically silent peri-procedural CVEs. METHODS: A total of 119 patients referred to TAVI were investigated for aortic valve calcification using trans-esophageal echocardiography. Cerebral MRI prior to and immediate after implantation was performed in all patients using a dedicated scan protocol. Prior to TAVI, brain morphology was characterized. Post TAVI, brains were investigated for the onset of acute peri-procedural CVEs using diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (65.5%) revealed acute peri-procedural CVEs on MRI after TAVI with a favor of the left hemisphere (57.5%). The degree of valve calcification was associated with peri-procedural CVEs. Patients with a high WML burden had an increased risk for CVEs ((OR) 2.36 (95% CI: 1.09-5.15; P = 0.037)), especially when distributed periventricular ((OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.47-7.26; P = 0.0038)). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing TAVI, the degree of aortic valve calcification and periventricular WML burden were correlated with acute peri-procedural CVEs. Future studies are needed to evaluate their independent value for the long-term clinical outcome.
