Extreme events in frequency-swept semiconductor lasers.

We analyze a delay differential equation model for a frequency-swept semiconductor laser and demonstrate existence of extreme events in its dynamics, with probabilities heavily dependent on the sweep rate. The extreme events appear even in absence of any noise in the system and do not exhibit significant dependence on its presence. We investigate the problem numerically and show that intensity dynamics of these events are highly localized in the filter detuning space. Overlaying it with the structure of steady-state and periodic solutions of the static system, we show that the dynamics is governed by attraction to these periodic solutions and such extreme events occur as a result of passing through the region of stable high-intensity bridge of periodic solutions.

Functional Activity of Blood Neutrophils in Patients with Stable Course and Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

We performed a comparative study of the parameters of chemiluminescence of blood neutrophils in patients with different severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in its different periods. The maximum values of induced and spontaneous chemiluminescence were recorded at moderate severity of the disease during exacerbation. Low levels of chemiluminescence indicators were found in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the stable phase. The values of the induction period of the chemiluminescent response in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were higher than in the control group. Correlations between the values of induced chemiluminescence of neutrophils and the respiration function parameter FEV1 were established, which may indicate the influence of multidirectional changes in the functional activity of systemic neutrophils on the development and worsening of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Subharmonic locking and frequency combs in frequency-swept semiconductor lasers.

We analyze a delay differential equation model for a swept semiconductor laser and demonstrate existence of various periodic solutions that are subharmonically locked to the sweep rate. These solutions provide optical frequency combs in spectral domain. We investigate the problem numerically and show that, due to the translational symmetry of the model, there exists a hysteresis loop formed by branches of steady states solutions, bridges of periodic solutions connecting stable and unstable steady state branches, and isolated branches of limit cycles. We discuss the role of bifurcation points and limit cycles embedded into the loop in the formation of the subharmonic dynamics.

[Safety and efficacy of a new method of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy performed under ultrasound and endovisual control without the use of intraoperative x-ray examination].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: to study the safety and efficacy of using a new method of performing percutaneous nephrolithotripsy under ultrasound and endovisual control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative analysis of the results of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy performed under ultrasound and endovisual control in 515 (84.1%) patients (main group) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy performed under fluoroscopic control in 97 (15.8%) patients (control group) was carried out. The groups did not differ in age, gender, body mass index, the number and location of stones, and the duration of the disease. In the main group, there were more patients with large, staghorn and X-ray negative stones, and there were also more patients with kidney block. To analyze and stratify the complications of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, we used a modified classification of surgical complications according to the Clavien-Dindo system. Statistical analysis of the material was carried out using the licensed package IBM SPSS Statistics Version 14.0.1. RESULTS: The average duration and number of stages of operations in the main and control groups was the same. Almost all operations in groups (93,8% 91,8%) were performed in one step (=0,55). In the main group, in the vast majority of cases95,1%; <0,001), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy was performed through one puncture access, with the degree of complete elimination of stones statistically the same as in the control group (80.6% in the main group and 70.1% in the control group, p=0.158). The degree of decrease in hemoglobin in the postoperative period in the groups did not differ (=0,271). The frequency of postoperative complications in both groups did not differ statistically: in the control - 33.0%; in the main group - 29.3% (p=0.469). The severity of complications according to Clavien-Dindo did not differ in the groups either (p=0.17). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy under ultrasound and endovisual control is a safe and effective operation. The results of the operation and the frequency of early complications are comparable with the traditional X-ray control technique.

Relationship of Nutritional Status and Spirometric Parameters in Children with Bronchial Asthma.

The potential mechanisms of bronchial asthma (BA) negative modification under the influence of obesity are currently being actively studied. However, at present, the effect of nutritional status on bronchial obstruction in children with BA cannot be considered established. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to study the relationship of spirometric parameters reflecting bronchial patency with nutritional status in children with asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 54 patients with BA at the age of 8 to 17 years, 33 boys and 21 girls with different nutritional status. Assessment of nutritional status was carried out with the calculation of body mass index (BMI), relative body mass index (RBMI), and determination of body fat (% BF). Spirogram parameters were evaluated, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, maximum expiratory flow at the point of 25% loop flow-volume (MEF 25). RESULTS: Among the children examined, taking into account the BMI Z-score, 9.3% (5/54) had low body weight (group 1), 33% (18/54) had normal body weight (group 2), 31.5% (17/54) overweight (group 3), 25.9% (14/54) obesity (group 4). As the body weight increased, a statistically significant decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio was observed, amounting to 84.6 [79.3; 90.0], 79.4 [76.6; 82.2], 74.6 [71.7; 77.5], 70.2 [67.0; 73.4]%, respectively, p=0.003; as well as a decrease in MEF 25 (% pred.), which amounted, respectively, to 95.6 [76.1; 115.2], 81.7 [71.4; 92.0], 56.3 [45.7; 66.9], and 48.4 [36.7; 60.1]%, p=0.003. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between indicators of nutritional status, including BMI, RBMI, % BF, and spirometry parameters reflecting bronchial patency, including FEV1/FVC ratio and MEF 25 (% pred.); all p<0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity in children with BA, estimated both by calculated methods with determination of BMI and RBMI and direct determination of body fat content, are accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in bronchial patency.

[Diagnostic nomograms for the treatment of urogenital fistula].

AIM: Studies on non-obstetric urogenital fistula provide limited information on predictive factors. The aim of our study was to specify and to analyze the predictors for long-term anatomical and functional results in women with non-obstetric urogenital fistula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-section study of surgical repair for non-obstetric urogenital fistula repairs was carried out. From 2012 to 2018, a total of 446 patients with urogenital fistulas were treated in two tertiary centers. Patients with vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulas with at least 12 months of follow-up were identified and contacted by phone and/or examined in the clinic. Anatomical outcome was assessed by resolution of symptoms and/or results of clinical examination. Urinary distress inventory (UDI-6) was used for the measurement of functional outcomes. The nomogram is based on a multiple regression equation, the solution of which is performed using a computer. The nomogram is presented as a set of scales, each of which corresponds to a certain variable. The baseline parameter is assigned certain points, depending on its value, then the sum of all parameters is calculated. As a result, it is possible to determine the risk using a couple or three scales. RESULTS: Overall, 169 patients were studied (mean age of 49.2, mean follow-up of 34 months). The most common cause of fistulas included hysterectomy (69.4%), followed by pelvic radiotherapy (18.9%). Only 64% of cases were primary fistula. Closure rate was 90.7% (98/108). Anatomical success depended on the surgical approach. For transvesical procedure, success rate was 89.4% (42/47), compared to 84% (89/106) and 87.5% (14/16), respectively for transvaginal and transabdominal success rate. According to Clavien-Dindo, complications were grade 1 (11.8%) and grade 2 (4.7%). As UDI-6 showed, the most common symptoms were frequency (62%), urgency (50%), incontinence (73%), pain (55%) and voiding symptoms (27%). Fistula size > 3.0 cm, pelvic radiation, and previous vaginal surgeries were associated with a higher risk of failure or more severe lower urinary tract symptoms. A high number of re-do cases and complex fistulas could be a limitation of this study. Factors for successful non-obstetric urogenital fistula closure were fistula size less than 3.0 cm, absence of pelvic radiation, and previous vaginal surgeries. CONCLUSION: According to our results, only fistula size > 3 cm, previous vaginal procedures and pelvis irradiation were unfavorable predictors for anatomic success of fistula repair. In addition, our results allow to determine the predictors for successful repair and risk of recurrence lower urinary tract symptoms postoperatively.

[The development of Altai psychiatric service (The 60-th anniversary of Psychiatry Department of the Altai State Medical University)]. / Istoriia razvitiia psikhiatricheskoi sluzhby na Altae (k 60-letnemu iubileiu kafedry psikhiatrii Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinckogo universiteta).

The article describes a short history of psychiatry in Altai since 1941. Active efforts of local psychiatrists, in particular the leaders and staff of the psychiatry department of the Altai state medical university, have led to the great progress in this field.

[The rehabilitation of patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder]. / Reabilitatsiia patsientov, perenesshikh ostroe polimorfnoe psikhoticheskoe rasstroistvo.

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program in patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 128 patients in remission. The rehabilitation program was administered to 75 patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder. The patients were randomized into groups depending on the type of compensatory-adaptive protection. The effectiveness of the program was estimated using the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale. RESULTS: Comparison of the results of rehabilitation in the study and control groups showed a significant improvement in the level of social functioning. Based on the findings, the authors developed varied rehabilitative programs, including psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic and socio-therapeutic procedures, for patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with account for their adaptation types. CONCLUSION: The rehabilitation program based on the type of compensatory-adaptive protection can be implemented in practice of psychiatric services as an effective form of psychological and social support of patients.

[Microbiological analysis as effective tool for optimization of empirical antibiotic therapy in the urological clinic].

AIM: to study the features of microbiota in patients of urological departments and to optimize the schemes of antibiotic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of microbiological studies in patients of urological departments in 2017 years were analyzed. Isolation of pathogens was carried out using standard techniques. A disk diffusion test using Mueller-Hinton agar with BioRad disks was used to determine the sensitivity. The statistical analysis was performed using the WHONET 5.4 program. In addition, a comparison with the results of the PCR study was done. RESULTS: A total of 672 etiological pathogens were isolated in whole clinic in 2017 year. From those, 173 pathogens were found in the urological clinic, which accounted for 25.7% of the total number. Gram-negative bacteria predominated and its proportion was 59.23%. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 24.4%, and fungi were found in 16.37% of cases. The structure of pathogens isolated from stoma or obtained by catheterization was not significantly different. Most frequently isolated pathogens included @K. pneumonia (22.8%), @E. coli (21.2%), @C. albicans (17%), @P. aeruginosa (11%), @E. aerogenes (6%) and @S. aureus (3 %). @K. pneumonia usually had an unfavorable resistance pattern. E. coli isolated from urine samples had more favorable resistance pattern in comparison to pathogens obtained from stoma. The bacteria which were found in intensive care unit had the increased level of resistance. CONCLUSION: Gram-negative bacteria predominate in the urological clinic with a relatively high proportion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Risk factors for the emergence of multi-resistant pathogens are the treatment in the intensive care unit and the presence of stomas or catheters. The PCR method, carried out in parallel with routine microbiological studies and regular analysis of the overall bacterial spectrum, allows to optimize the starting antibiotic therapy from the first day of the disease. The use of cephalosporins is not justified in the most cases. Aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones remain effective. The use of either -Lactamase-protected penicillins or fosfomycin is possible only after obtaining the results of bacteriological study. When prescribing carbapenems, the risk of inefficiency is especially high in patients with stomas/catheters and transferred from the intensive care unit.

[Genetic variations in Clupea pallasii herring from okhotsk sea based on microsatellite markers].

The genetic variations among spawning groups of herrings from different spawning grounds of the northwestern part of the Okhotsk Sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. All loci were polymorphic with the ex- pected heterozygosity estimates varying at different loci in the range of 0.7-95.0% (with a mean of 68.5%). The degree of genetic differentiation displayed by the herrings from the Okhotsk Sea was not statistically sig nificant (0 = 0.74%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation F(ST) varied in the range of 0.002-0.014, no was it statistically significant in all comparison pairs between the herring samples.

[Analysis of microsatellite loci variations in herring (Clupea pallasii marisalbi) from the White Sea].

The genetic diversity among spawning groups of herring from different parts of the White Sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. All loci were polymorphic with the expected heterozygosity estimates varying in the range of 12.7-94.1% (mean was 59.5%). The degree of genetic differentiation displayed by White Sea herring was statistically significant (theta = 2.03%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation F(ST) was 0-0.085, and it was statistically significant in most of the comparison pairs between the herring samples. A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed the statistically significant differentiation of White Sea herring. 96.59% genetic variation was found within the samples and 3.41% variation was found among the populations. The main component of interpopulation diversity (1.85%) falls at the differences between two ecological forms of herring, spring- and summer-spawning. Within the spring-spawning form, the presence of local stocks in Kandalaksha Gulf, Onega Bay, and Dvina Bay was demonstrated.

[Comparative analysis of genetic variability of White Sea Cod (Gadus morhua marisalbi) at allozyme and microsatellite markers].

Variability of cod spawning and feeding schools from Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, was examined at six allozyme and eight microsatellite loci. The degree of genetic differentiation at allozyme loci constituted 0 = 0.36% [95% bootstrap interval 0.0458; 0.6743]. The differentiation estimates obtained using microsatellite markers were higher, 0 = 1.33% [0.057; 3.11]. It was demonstrated that the level of genetic diversity in the White Seacod was lower than that established for the Atlantic cod from Barents Sea using the same set of al- lozyme and microsatellite markers. The genetic data obtained support the opinion that the White Sea cod is a reproductively independent group formed as a result of the Holocene dispersal of Atlantic cod.

[Formation of genetic diversity in populations of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) (Gadidae)].

The variability of the Gmo3, Gmo34, Gmo35, Pgmo32, Gmo19 microsatellite DNA loci was examined in the population samples of Pacific cod from different parts of the North Pacific. The statistical tests showed that the differentiation of the population was the result of different levels of reproductive autonomy of the individual Pacific cod populations, formed in the Pleistocene-Holocene period with the specific features of transgressions and regressions of the World Ocean, and supported by the existing system of currents and the features of the migratory behavior of cod in the North Pacific.

[On differentiation of cod (Gadus morhua L.) groups in Baltic Sea].

Using the AGP*, PGI-1*, PGI-2*, LDH*, IDH*, and PGM* allozyme markers, the differentiation of cod groups during the spawning period in Baltic Sea was evaluated. It was shown that cod samples from the eastern and western parts of Baltic Sea (being statistically significantly different from the cod samples from the Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, and the Skagerrak Strait) demonstrated a high degree of identity (I = 0.99-1.0), which could be associated with the observed from the beginning of the present millennium increased migration of cod from eastern Baltic regions to the waters of Bornholm basin, and the distribution of the part of migrants from Bornholm basin to Arkona basin.

[Preliminary data on variation of four microsatellite loci in Pacific herring Clupea pallasii].

Variation of microsatellite loci Cpa 10, Cpa 113, Cpa4, and Cpa7 was for the first time examined in Pacific-type herring Clupea pallasii from the White Sea (CI. pallasii marisalbi), the Kara Sea (CI. pallasii suworowi), the Sea of Okhotsk, and Lake Nerpich'e, Kamchatka Bay, northwestern Pacific (CI. pallasiipallasii). All loci exhibitedhigh genetic diversity. The estimates of expected heterozygosity varied from 41.5 to 95.6% (mean, 82%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation Fst at all microsatellite loci varied from 0.005 to 0.076 (0.019, on average) and t was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in most of the pairs of herring samples. Estimates of genetic differentiation among the herring of one subspecies were lower than between the groups belonging to different subspecies.

[Morpho-functional compensatory changes of colonic mucosa after long-term exposure to urine in the experiment].

Using 60 outbred albino male rats, the changes of colonic mucosa were studied after rectal infusion of urine for 1, 3 and 5 months. In response to prolonged exposure to urine, the mucosa was found to undergo gradual atrophic changes, including the reduction of its thickness and crypt depth. Moreover, the number of goblet cells was significantly decreased. Oral correction by weak solution of sodium hydrocarbonate could slow down the progression of atrophic processes in colonic mucosa.

Ultrastructural changes in colorectal mucosa after chronic contact with urine.

Ultrastructural changes in the colorectal mucosa in response to chronic contact with the urine were demonstrated in outbred albino rat experiments. Oral correction with slightly alkaline sodium hydrocarbonate solution reduced the destructive effect of the urine on rat colorectal mucosa.

[Selective effect of the duration of the critical temperature period on some allozyme loci of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae)].

Genetic structure of juvenile fish from the populations of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar inhabiting the rivers of Murmansk oblast, Arkhangelsk oblast, and Karelia, as well as of juveniles from hatcheries was examined at five allozymic loci: aspartate aminotransferase (AAT-4*), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHP-3*), iditol dehydrogenase (IDDH-2*), esterase D (ESTD*), and malic enzyme (MEP-2*). High genetic differentiation of both natural and "hatchery" juvenile fish was revealed. It was demonstrated that the gene pool of juveniles at three of the five loci tested was to a considerable degree formed by natural selection. In this case, the role of limiting factor was played by the duration of critical temperature regime in the rivers. The differentiation factors for juveniles from nature were not established, however, their clusterization pattern pointed to a possible role of natural selection in this process.

[Theatre systems as a basis for developing medical and rehabilitation methods in psychiatry]. / Teatral'nye sistemy kak osnova dlia sozdaniia lechebno-reabilitatsionnykh metodov v prikhiatrii.

On the basis of existing and widely used in theatrical practice systems, a new direction in medical and rehabilitation psychiatry, namely transdramatherapy, was developed. The approach is illustrated by the original psychotherapeutic method of epos therapy directed to treatment of neurotic disorders, which has been already created and approbated.

[Architecture of cancellous tissue of the scaphoid bone of the wrist]. / Osobennosti arkhitektoniki gubchatogo veshchestva lad'evidnoi kosti zapiast'ia.

The experimental-theoretical studies were performed to investigate the structure of substantia spongiosa of the scaphoid bone of the wrist. Morphological prerequisites for the typical fractures of scaphoid bone and for their delayed consolidation, as well as for the false joint development in some of its zones were found. The peculiarities in the structure of substantia spongiosa associated with the differences of magnitudes and directions of the loads applied to the various regions of scaphoid bone, were distinguished. On the basis of the results obtained, functional zones and two major force vectors were detected, that were shown to determine different biomechanical conditions under which scaphoid bone of the wrist was functioning.