[Clinical application of neuronavigation in transsphenoidal microsurgery of pituitary adenomas].

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the experiences in clinical application of neuronavigation in transsphenoidal microsurgery of specific pituitary adenomas, and to discuss its indications. METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2010, 138 cases of transsphenoidal microsurgery for specific pituitary adenomas under neuronavigation were reviewed. The indications for neuronavigation in transsphenoidal microsurgery includes: recurrent or regrowth of residual pituitary adenomas after former transsphenoidal surgery in 36 cases, invasive pituitary adenomas in 45 cases, extremely laterally or deeply situated microadenomas in 45 cases, poor pneumatization of the sphenoid in 4 cases, skull base anomalies due to osteodysplasia fibrosa in 3 cases, narrow space between bilateral internal carotid arteries in 4 cases, distortion of nasal septum in 1 case. RESULTS: In the recurrence group, 12 were totally removed, 9 subtotally removed; postoperative complications included hematoma within the tumor cavity in 2 cases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in 4 cases among which 3 developed intracranial infection and 2 communicating hydrocephalus, oculomotor paralysis in 1 case and hypopituitarism in 3 cases; 9 were cured and 8 remission. In the invasive group, 5 were totally removed, 27 subtotally removed; postoperative complications included hematoma within the tumor cavity in 1 case, CSF leakage and intracranial infection in 1 case; 2 were cured and 22 remission. None of the 30 invasive hormone-secreting adenomas were cured or remission. The 45 cases of hormone-secreting microadenomas were all totally removed, among which 38 were cured. Among the poor sphenoid pneumatization group, total and subtotal tumor removal were achieved in 2 cases respectively with only one cured. In the skull base anomaly group, 2 were totally removed and 1 subtotally removed, with only one cured. For the cases with narrow space between bilateral internal carotid arteries and distortion of nasal septum, all were totally removed and cured. CONCLUSIONS: Transsphenoidal microsurgery under neuronavigation can be applied for pituitary adenomas in above specific indications. It is an accurate, safe and effective approach for specific pituitary adenomas, which can not only expand the indication of transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary adenomas, but also reduce the harmful exposure of X-rays for the operating staff.

[Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas (TSH-omas). METHODS: The clinical data of 19 patients (14 female and 5 male) with TSH-omas were analyzed retrospectively in this study from January 2001 to December 2008. The patients ranged from 20 to 70 years old (average 40.5 years old) and had disease histories from 1 to 228 months (average 55 months). Among these patients, 15 of them complained of thyrotoxicosis symptoms, while the other 4 patients' symptoms were associated with headache and/or visual disturbance caused by the tumor mass effect. Initially, 12 of the 15 patients with thyrotoxicosis symptoms were misdiagnosed with Grave's disease. As a result 2 of them received (131) Iodine, and one received subtotal thyroidectomy. All of these patients underwent transsphenoidal microsurgery. RESULTS: Average follow-up period was 3.6 years (6 months-7 years). Pathological analysis of the surgical specimen showed pituitary adenoma in all patients, immunohistochemistry were positive for TSH in 17 cases, negative for TSH in 2, positive for growth hormone in 2, positive for prolactin in 1, and positive for adrenocorticotrophic hormone in 1. Postoperative MRI revealed that the tumors in 15 patients were removed totally, though 4 patients still had residual tumors. The thyroid hormone level tests suggested that 13 patients could be considered normal 3 months after their tumors were removed, though 2 of patients with normal postoperative MRI and thyroid hormones showed increased levels of TSH. For these 2 patients, tumors did not recur and their thyroid hormone levels returned to normal after pituitary radiotherapy. The cure rate was 11/19 after surgery and 13/19 after surgery plus pituitary radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The screening test for hyperthyroidism patients with high TSH levels is a key point to improve the accuracy rate in early diagnoses of TSH-omas. The transsphenoidal microsurgery is first choice to treat TSH-omas, while pituitary radiotherapy and somatostatin analogs are beneficially adjunctive therapies.

[Effects of adrenalectomy on the treatment of Cushing disease].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on the treatment of Cushing's disease(CD). METHODS: Clinical data of 15 cases of CD between January 1980 and December 2005 were analyzed to evaluate operative indications, complications and the changes of hypercortisolism and hormone levels pre- and post- adrenalectomy. RESULTS: All the patients involved underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery previously. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery was performed in 4 cases. Pituitary radiotherapy was done in 4 cases. The average time from original transsphenoidal operation to ADX was 25.7 months. Pre- and post- adrenalectomy serum cortisol median level were 1156.4 nmol/L and 99.4 nmol/L, the 24 h urinary-free cortisol median level were 315.0 and 5.4 microg, respectively. Hormone replacement therapy was needed in all cases. Average follow-up period was 47 months (9-120 months). Nelson syndrome (NS) appeared in 5 cases (33.3%), while 10 cases showed no NS. CONCLUSIONS: ADX is an effective and symptomatic treatment to relieve hypercortisolism caused by CD but with the risk of NS. Longtime hormone replacement therapy and follow up are needed after ADX.

[Transsphenoidal microsurgical results of non-invasive prolactinomas].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transsphenoidal microsurgical results of non-invasive prolactinomas, in order to provide reference for their treatment choice. METHODS: To review the transsphenoidal microsurgical results of 234 non-invasive prolactinomas treated in our department in recent 10 years, and to analyze the prognostic factors. There were 18 males and 216 females, aged between 13 and 58 years, averaged (31.1 +/- 8.5) years. The course ranged from half a month to 20 years, averaged (47.3 +/- 44.9) months. The preoperative serum PRL level ranged between 41 and 8406 ng/ml, averaged (400.5 +/- 888.0) ng/ml, with a median of 164.1 ng/ml. The primary symptoms were amenorrhea, galactorrhea and/or infertility in 211 cases. The tumor size was small (< 1 cm) in 100, large (> or = 1 cm) in 116 and giant (> or = 3 cm) in 18 cases. All the patients received transsphenoidal microsurgery and were followed-up for 12 to 132 months, averaged (43.8 +/- 35.0) months. RESULTS: There was no mortality. One hundred and twenty-seven (54.3%) cases had transient postoperative imbalance of water and electrolytes. One hundred and eighty-eight cases (80.3%) were cured, 12 (5.1%) experienced clinical remission, 20 (8.5%) were improved, and 14 (6.0%) were ineffective. The male patient, the giant prolactinomas and those with higher preoperative serum PRL level had a relative poor postoperative prognosis. While the other factors had no influence on prognosis, including the course, preoperative bromocriptine intake, tumor texture, tumor apoplexy and intraoperative descending extent of the diaphragm of sella. The overall operative expense for transsphenoidal microsurgery ranged from 8323.8 to 22898.5 yuan, averaged (12912.0 +/- 2361.2) yuan. CONCLUSIONS: Transsphenoidal microsurgery may be chosen as the primary therapy for non-invasive prolactinomas, with the purposes of therapeutical efficacy, facilitating the patients, re-establishing the patients' self-confidence and reducing the overall expense.

Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and surgical results of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and surgical results of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. METHODS: MRI characteristics and relationship between MRI positive rate and surgical results of 266 patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent thin-section sagittal and coronal scans of the pituitary gland before and after administration of gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) on a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, and dynamic enhanced MRI was performed in 39 patients. All patients underwent transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Endocrinological examinations and assessments were performed. RESULTS: Preoperative MRI revealed normal results in 41 (15.4%) cases, microadenoma in 179 (67.3%), macroadenoma in 42 (15.8%), and huge adenoma in 4 (1.5%). Pituitary apoplexy was found in 13 (4.9%) cases. Positive rate of ACTH-secreting adenomas was 84.6% (225/266) on MRI scans, and that of small microadenomas was 87.2% (34/39) on dynamic enhanced MRI scans. Preoperative endocrinological tests of 199 cases supported the diagnosis of typical Cushing's disease, while the other 67 cases had atypical endocrinological results. The endocrinological cure rate, remission rate, and inefficacy rate were 85.7%, 7.9%, and 6.4%, respectively. There was no difference in the initial endocrinological cure rate between the patients with positive and normal MRI results (90% vs. 87.8%, P = 0.904). CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced coronal pituitary MRI is helpful for preoperative localization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Dynamic enhanced MRI may improve detection rate of microadenoma. There is no marked difference in the surgical results for patients with preoperative MRI results indicating presence or absence of microadenoma.

[Distribution and expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma in human pituitary adenomas].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution and expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) in human pituitary adenomas. METHODS: Thirty eight consecutive surgically resected pituitary adenomas and 5 normal pituitary tissues were enrolled in the study. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the distribution of PPAR-gamma. Expression of PPAR-gamma was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: PPAR-gamma immunoreactivity was located in the nucleoli of pituitary adenoma cells. PPAR-gamma was expressed in all human pituitary adenomas and normal pituitary tissues. Its expression in pituitary adenomas was significantly higher than in normal pituitary tissues (P < 0.01), and its expression in ACTH-secreting adenomas was significantly higher than in any other type of pituitary adenomas (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PPAR-gamma may play an important role in the generation, growth, and invasion of human pituitary adenomas. It may become a novel therapeutic target for these tumors.

[Factors influencing the recurrence of Cushing's disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To explore factors influencing the recurrence of patients with Cushing's disease after transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 182 patients treated by transsphenoidal surgery with Cushing's disease in our department in PUMC Hospital from 1992 to 2002. RESULTS: The recurrence rates were significantly different when patients had different radiological findings (P = 0.001), operative methods (P = 0.001), histological findings (P = 0.04), and postoperative cortisol levels (P = 0.02); however, such difference was not found in term of tumor size (P = 0.43). CONCLUSION: Radiological findings, operative methods, histological findings, and postoperative cortisol estimates may be the factors influencing the recurrence of patients treated by transsphenoidal surgery.

[The microsurgical anatomy of the suprasellar and parasellar region with reference to extend transsphenoidal approach].

OBJECTIVE: The anatomic features of transsphenoidal approach are reviewed, focusing on the microsurgical anatomy of suprasellar and parasellar structures. Pertinent microsurgical anatomy is described for neurosurgeons to successfully extend a standard transsphenoidal approach for treatment of lesions including the region of the tuberculum sellae, planum sphenoidale, supradiaphragmatic intradural space, and medial cavernous sinus. METHODS: 15 specimens (30 sides) from formalin fixed cadaveric heads and 20 adult dry skulls (40 sides) were observed. According to the need for the extend transsphenoidal approach, the sellar and parasellar region: the planum sphenoidale and the supradiaphragmatic area, medial part of cavernous sinus were studied. Special emphases were put on the relation of the cranial nerve and blood vessel structures surrounding the sellar. Meanwhile, we made the cast specimen of the blood vessel and studied the structure character of the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus. RESULTS: Posterior ethmoidal could be exit as para or suprasphenoidal ethmoidal air cell. It will be important for extending the transsphenoidal approach. The mean distance between two optic canal is 15.7 +/- 3.2 mm (11.0 - 18.0 mm), the distance of internal carotid artery at tuberculum cellae level is 13.9 +/- 3.8 mm (10.0 - 17.0 mm), the mean distance between tuberculum cellae and the posterior rim of cribriform plate is 23.3 +/- 3.2 mm, the included angle between sagittal plane and optic canal is 36.3 degrees +/- 1.6 degrees , with the anatomy research data give the clue that the bone window should be made as the shape of "[see text]". CONCLUSIONS: Expending transsphenoidal approach is suitable for medium and small lesions growing along the centre line which expand to para sellar, anterior sellar and sphenoid platform. That hypophysis has close relation with internal carotid artery during expending transsphenoidal approach to cavernous sinus increase the risk of operation. The carotid artery and abducent nerve are the easiest structures to be damaged during the operation.

[Extended transsphenoidal operation for giant and invasive pituitary adenomas].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of extended transsphenoidal approach for removing the giant and invasive pituitary adenomas. METHODS: The clinical data of 64 cases with giant and invasive pituitary adenoma treated by extended transsphenoidal approach were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 64 patients, 51 had total resection and 13 had subtotal resection. 26 patients occurred transient diabetes insipidus, 5 patients with transient cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea and 1 patient occurred acute hypopituitarism postoperatively. There were no death or intracranial infection. After operation, 8 patients get radiotherapy, 6 patients receive medicine treatment. Postoperative follow-up period was 3 months to 6 years. No regrowth or recurrence was seen. CONCLUSION: The extended transsphenoidal approach has been proved to a safe and effective method to remove the giant and invasive pituitary adenomas. Patients who got subtotal resection need be close followed-up and receive radiotherapy or medicine treatment it necessary.

Reconstruction of the sellar floor following transsphenoidal surgery using gelatin foam and fibrin glue.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new principle of sellar reconstruction and to evaluate the effectiveness of absorbable gelatin foam and fibrin glue for sellar reconstruction. METHODS: A total of 176 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenomas, cysts, chordomas, or subdiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas in the sella turcica between January 2001 and April 2003 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were enrolled. Different techniques of sellar closure and indications for each specific condition were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Seventy-seven (43.7%) patients developed a visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage during surgery. Intra-operative CSF leakage were repaired simply with gelatin foam and fibrin glue in 62 (35.2%) patients, and with autologous fat graft and sellar floor reconstruction in 15 (8.5%) patients. Postoperative CSF rhinorrhea occurred only in 1 case. There were no visual deterioration, allergic rhinitis, meningitis, pneumocranium, granulomas, or other complications associated with the reconstruction procedure. CONCLUSION: The procedure of using gelatin foam and fibrin glue and principle of cranial base reconstruction is safe and effective in preventing postoperative complications following transsphenoidal surgery.

Effect of preoperative use of long-acting octreotide on growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma and transsphenoidal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether somatostatin analog octreotide long acting release (LAR) shrinks growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas, and improves the results of subsequent transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS: Seventeen previously untreated active acromegalic patients with pituitary adenomas were treated with LAR (30 mg intramuscular injection every 28 days) for 3 months prior to transsphenoidal surgery. Clinical reaction, mean GH secretion, and tumor volume were measured under basal conditions and after LAR treatment. RESULTS: Presurgical treatment improved acromegaly symptoms and induced a significant reduction of GH under the 5 ng/mL limit in microadenoma (P < 0.05), while only 18.2% (2/11) in macroadenoma. Meanwhile, tumor shrinkage occurred in 58.8% (10/17) patients, with 1 case in the microadenoma group. All marked shrinkage (> 25%) occurred in the macroadenoma group. Statistical analysis showed tumor shrinkage caused by LAR was greater in macroadenoma group than that in microadenoma group (P < 0.05). During operation, adenoma was soft in 15 cases, with the exception of 2 cases in which the soft tumor was divided by fibrous septa, but all tumor removal was smooth. CONCLUSIONS: A short term administration of preoperative LAR may induce a significant decrease in GH-secretion level and adenoma volume. Presurgical use of octreotide LAR improves surgical results especially in macroadenomas.

[Relationship between invasive pituitary adenomas and cavernus sinus and cariod artery and surgical outcomes].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between invasive pituitary adenomas and cavernus sinus and cariod artery and to predict their surgical outcomes. METHODS: Totally 270 patients with pituitary tumors were investigated in this retrospective study, including 113 men and 157 women, with a mean age of 40.8 years. The mean disease history was 3.6 years. Pituitary microadenomas were diagnosed in 56 cases, macroadenomas in 118 cases, and hugeadenomas in 96 cases. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-releasing adenomas (Cushing's diseases) were diagnosed in 40 cases, growth hormone-releasing adenomas in 58 cases, prolactinomas in 57 cases, and non-functional pituitary adenomas in 115 cases. Transsphenoidal microsurgery were performed on 260 patients, while transcranial microsurgery on 6 patients. RESULTS: The percentage of invasive pituitary adenomas was about 3.6% in microadenomas, 20.4% in macroadenomas, and 61.4% in hugeadenomas. Rate of total removal was 94.1% in non-invasive pituitary adenomas, and was 58.8% in invasive pituitary adenomas. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to analyze the grade of invasive pituitary adenomas to improve the removal of pituitary adenomas, avoid injuring cariod artery, and increase the rate of total removal.

[Extended transsphenoidal approach to giant tumors in sellar and clival area].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of extended transsphenoidal approach, a new approach for removing giant tumors in sellar and clival area. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients, 19 males and 9 females, aged 17 - 67 with a mean age of 47.8, with a mean history of 6.2 years, 13 with invasive giant pituitary adenoma, 10 with chordoma, 2 with giant cell tumor of bone, 2 with pituitary metastatic tumor, and 1 with pituitary endocrinal carcinoma underwent operation by extended transsphenoidal approach. The tumors were 3.0 - 5.5 cm in size. In 2 cases the tumor extended to the base of the frontal lobe, 7 tumors involved the cavernous sinus, and 19 extended to clivus. RESULTS: The tumor was totally removed in 19 patients, removed subtotally in 6 patients, and removed partially in 3 patients. Postoperative follow-up was performed for 6 months to 4 years. No recurrence occurred except for enlargement of 2 pituitary metastatic tumors and 1 chordoma. CONCLUSION: Extended transsphenoidal approach satisfactorily reaches and helps remove the giant tumors in sellar and clival area without severe complication.

Elevated soluble epidermal growth factor receptor level in pituitary adenoma and carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effect of the soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR/sErbB1) level in the peripheral blood in development, invasiveness, apoplexy of each type of pituitary tumor. METHODS: The sEGFR level was determined in peripheral serum from 190 patients with pituitary diseases by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The sEGFR levels were measured in 10 pituitary Rathke's pouch, 18 pituitary hyperplasia, 161 pituitary adenomas including 30 microadenomas, 83 large adenomas, 48 giant adenomas, 1 pituitary carcinoma, and 28 healthy controls. RESULTS: In the patients with pituitary hyperplasia, microadenoma, large adenoma, giant adenoma, and pituitary carcinoma, the sEGFR level was 188.92 +/- 32.62, 209.83 +/- 19.01, 333.20 +/- 69.33, 405.85 +/- 37.38, and 617.45 fmol/mL independently. They were all significantly higher than patients with pituitary Rathke's pouch (156.78 +/- 18.24 fmol/mL, P < 0.001) and healthy control group (159.11 +/- 40.50 fmol/mL, P < 0.05). The sEGFR level in pituitary carcinoma was higher than pituitary adenoma. In patients with pituitary adenoma, the sEGFR level was positive correlated to the size of pituitary adenomas (r=0.998), the significant difference was observed for the sEGFR level in each group of the patients with pituitary adenomas (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in patients with pituitary ACTH-secreting microadenomas, the serum sEGFR levels in invasiveness (295.00 +/- 77.80 fmol/mL) was higher than that in non-invasiveness (210.60 +/- 16.4 fmol/mL, P < 0.05). In patients with pituitary ACTH-secreting, PRL-secreting, GH-secreting, and non-functioning large adenomas, the serum sEGFR levels in invasiveness (407.86 +/- 28.50, 399.25 +/- 30.10, 386.00 +/- 13.08, and 369.25 +/- 36.70 fmol/mL) was higher than that in non-invasiveness (335.25 +/- 63.49, 300.64 +/- 47.57, 297.00 +/- 61.93, and 269.30 +/- 25.68 fmol/mL) respectively (P < 0.05). In patients with invasive pituitary PRL-secreting, GH-secreting, and non-functioning giant adenomas, the serum sEGFR levels not significantly different in between invasiveness (417.50 +/- 35.94, 409.50 +/- 69.14, and 417.50 +/- 44.13 fmol/mL) and non-invasiveness (386.00 +/- 49.64, 417.50 +/- 44.03, and 409.51 +/- 35.17 fmol/mL) (P > 0.05). In patients with pituitary large adenomas, the sEGFR levels in pituitary apoplexy (377.48 +/- 39.18 fmol/mL) was higher than that in non-pituitary apoplexy (343.18 +/- 68.17 fmol/mL, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The increased level of peripheral serum sEGFR is concomitant with development, proliferous size of the adenomas in patients with pituitary adenomas. In addition, the elevated levels of serum sEGFR occur in pituitary apoplexy as clinical active tumors, and the non-invasive ACTH secreting adenomas. The sEGFR levels could be differentiated helpfully between pituitary adenomas and non-pituitary adenomas. These data suggest that serum sEGFR could be as a referable marker of the size and activation of proliferation in pituitary adenoma.

[Expressive level of vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral blood in patients with pituitary adenomas].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the peripheral blood can reflect the biological activities of pituitary adenomas. METHODS: The concentrations of VEGF in peripheral blood were measured with ELISA in 203 patients with pituitary adenomas, 22 patients with pituitary hyperplasia, 7 patients with pituitary Rathke' pouch and 3 patients with pituitary abscess. RESULTS: The serum VEGF levels were (366.8 +/- 211.1) pg/ml and (286.8 +/- 107.6) pg/ml in patients with pituitary adenomas and pituitary hyperhasia, respectively, which were higher than those in patients with pituitary Rathke' pouch [(180.5 +/- 61.7) pg/ml], patients with pituitary abscess [(147.5 +/- 46.3) pg/ml] and the health control [(180.8 +/- 56.2) pg/ml] (P < 0.05). In patients with pituitary adenomas, the VEGF levels were (380.0 +/- 234.5) pg/ml in macroadenomas and (380.1 +/- 2870.3) pg/ml in giant adenomas, higher than those in microadenomas [(294.6 +/- 111.6) pg/ml] and in pituitary hyperhasia respectively (P < 0.05). The serum VEGF levels were not significantly different in pituitary adenoma in terms of invasive growth, apoplexy, cyst and hormone secretory functions (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The upregulation of serum VEGF expression may reflect the biological activities of pituitary adenoma. However, it may not be associated with pituitary Rathke' pouch, pituitary abscess, adenoma with invasiveness, apoplexy, cyst and hormone secretory function. The serum VEGF levels could be helpful in differentiating pituitary adenoma from pituitary Rathke' pouch and pituitary abscess.

[Gene therapy of rat prolactinomas mediated by adenoviral vectors with rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of gene therapy of rat prolactinomas mediated by adenoviral vectors with a gene encoding rat tyrosine hydroxylase. METHODS: Recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus named Ad-GFP-TH with rat TH-cDNA and control adenovirus named Ad-GFP were constructed by homologous recombination in bacterial cells. The rat pituitary prolactinoma cell line MMQ are chosen as the target cells to study the effect of gene therapy on their growth and prolactin secretion mediated by Ad-GFP-TH. RESULTS: Recombinant Ad-GFP-TH and Ad-GFP were successfully reconstructed. Transfection of MMQ cells with Ad-GFP-TH not only restrained their growth but also decreased their PRL secretion. CONCLUSION: Gene therapy may serve for a potential treatment for prolactinomas, especially invasive prolactinomas.

[Diagnosis and treatment of sellar germinoma].

That eleven patients with sellar germinomas were confirmed by pathological examinations were retrospectively reviewed. In the 11 patients, 2 were males and 9 were females. Mean age was 16.8 years old and mean history was 2.6 years. Among them, 11 patients had diabetes insipidus, 6 patients had visual disturbances, 5 patients had retarded growth, and 5 patients had hypopituitary function. The diameter of tumor was 1-3 cm in 8 cases and greater than 3 cm in 3 cases. MRI showed hypointensity or homogeneous on T1-weighted images in 8 cases. The tumors were fibrous, purple grey or reddish in color with rich blood supply. Germinomas were confirmed by postoperative pathological examinations. All patients received postoperative irradiation. Postoperative follow-up was from 3 months to 6 years. Diabetes insipidus was improved in 9 cases. Visual function were improved in 4 cases, but hypopituitarism and retarded growth were unchanged. In conclusion, when MRI shows sellar parenchyma tumor with unclear boundary in young patients with diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism, sellar germinoma should be highly suspected. Otherwise, radiation therapy may profitably aid to confirm the diagnosis since irradiation is the main treatment of sellar germinomas.