Case report: Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with MitraClip for acute mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Acute mitral regurgitation (MR) due to papillary muscle rupture (PMR) is a rare but lethal mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI). The treatment of patients with post-MI PMR, especially those with cardiogenic shock, presents great challenges due to the high surgical risk. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report an 80-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, presented with chest pain. Despite an early percutaneous coronary intervention and transfer to the intensive care unit, her general condition and hemodynamic parameters continued to deteriorate rapidly. DIAGNOSIS: Evidenced by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and coronary angiography, the patient was diagnosed with acute lateral and posterior ST-segment elevation MI, cardiogenic shock, PMR, severe MR, and pulmonary edema. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received percutaneous mitral valve repair with MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA) supported by extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and intra-aortic balloon pump. OUTCOMES: The patient was discharged with relief of heart failure symptoms, reduced MR, and recovery of cardiac function, remaining in a stable condition in New York Heart Association class I after 15-month outpatient follow up. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with MitraClip can serve as a viable alternative to surgery in reducing MR in post-MI PMR patients at high surgical risk.

Noninvasive right ventricular work in patients with atrial septal defects: a proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive right ventricular (RV) myocardial work (RVMW) determined by echocardiography is a novel indicator used to estimate RV systolic function. To date, the feasibility of using RVMW has not been verified in assessing RV function in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS: Noninvasive RVMW was analysed in 29 ASD patients (median age, 49 years; 21% male) and 29 age- and sex-matched individuals without cardiovascular disease. The ASD patients underwent echocardiography and right heart catheterization (RHC) within 24 h. RESULTS: The RV global work index (RVGWI), RV global constructive work (RVGCW), and RV global wasted work (RVGWW) were significantly higher in the ASD patients than in the controls, while there was no significant difference in RV global work efficiency (RVGWE). RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS), RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW demonstrated significant correlations with RHC-derived stroke volume (SV) and SV index. The RVGWI (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.895), RVGCW (AUC = 0.922), and RVGWW (AUC = 0.870) could be considered good predictors of ASD and were superior to RV GLS (AUC = 0.656). CONCLUSION: The RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW could be used to assess RV systolic function and are correlated with RHC-derived SV and SV index in patients with ASD.

The non-invasive echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular myocardial work in a healthy population.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive right ventricular (RV) myocardial work (RVMW) is the latest indicator used to assess RV function. Nevertheless, the physiological determinants of RVMW have not been studied, and reference ranges for normal RVMW indices have yet to be established. METHODS: A total of 263 healthy volunteers (median age: 34 years, males: 38%) were prospectively enrolled. RVMW indices were analysed by an RV pressure-strain loop (RVPSL) in specific software. RESULTS: The lowest values of the RVMW indices in males and females were 133 mmHg% and 206 mmHg% for RV global work index (RVGWI), 165 mmHg% and 241 mmHg% for RV global constructive work (RVGCW) and 78% and 83% for RV global work efficiency (RVGWE), respectively. The highest values for RV global wasted work (RVGWW) in males and females were 67 mmHg% and 69 mmHg%, respectively. RVGWI and RVGCW were significantly lower in males than those in females. RVGWW significantly increased with age in males and females. RVGWE significantly decreased with age in females. Multivariable analysis revealed that RVGWI, RVGCW and RVGWE increased as pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) increased. CONCLUSIONS: Normal reference values of non-invasive RVMW were obtained by echocardiography. Quantitative data on RVMW could be essential in clinical work and clinical experiments.

Echocardiographic reference ranges for noninvasive left ventricular 18-segment myocardial work index and work efficiency in a healthy Asian population.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) myocardial work index (WI) and work efficiency (WE) have become the latest indicators for assessing LV function. Reference ranges for normal LV segmental WI and WE have not been established. METHODS: Four hundred eleven healthy Asian subjects (47% men, median age: 35 years) were enrolled prospectively. WI and WE were analysed using the LV pressure-strain loop (LVPSL) with specific software. RESULTS: WI and WE differed significantly between segments as well as between walls and levels of the left ventricle. The anteroseptal basal segment had the lowest WI and WE (1440 mmHg ± 324 and 92% [88-96], respectively) among the eighteen segments. Significant WI and WE differences were found between sexes and age groups. No correlation was observed between age groups and the average WI of any wall or level in men, while the average WI of several different walls and levels in women showed significant differences between age groups. The average WI of most walls and levels increased with age in women. No correlation was found between age groups and the average WE of any wall or level in either men or women. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the normal reference values of WI and WE of eighteen segments for clinical work and clinical experiments. There were significant differences in WI and WE between segments, levels, and walls of the normal left ventricle. Sex should be considered when analysing WI and WE. Age should be considered when analysing WI in women.

Dynamic assessment of the tricuspid annulus in a healthy Asian population: A four-dimensional echocardiography study.

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid annulus (TA) geometry and function reference values are limited, especially for Asian populations. We aimed to explore TA using four-dimensional echocardiography (4DE) in a healthy Asian population. METHODS: A total of 355 healthy Asian volunteers (median age 34 years; 52% males) were prospectively enrolled. TA geometry and function were analyzed using 4DE throughout the cardiac cycle. RESULTS: The TA area, perimeter, and dimensions were smallest at end systole (ES) and largest at late diastole (LD). Normal TA parameters at end diastole (ED) in different sex and age groups were obtained. TA areas, perimeters, and dimensions in males were significantly larger than those in females at ED; BSA-indexed perimeters and BSA-indexed dimensions in males were significantly smaller than those in females at ED. TA parameters correlated well with tricuspid valve (TV) tenting, right ventricle (RV), and right atrium (RA) parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Reference values of TA parameters were obtained by 4DE in an Asian population. Quantitative data on TA geometry and function are essential for TA pathology and therapeutics.

Correlations among noninvasive right ventricular myocardial work indices and the main parameters of systolic and diastolic functions.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) myocardial work (RVMW) is the latest method used to assess RV function. To date, correlations among RVMW indices and RV systolic and diastolic functions have not been studied. METHODS: A total of 106 healthy volunteers (median age, 34 years; 46% male) were prospectively enrolled. RVMW indices were measured using the RV pressure-strain loop using specific software. The correlations among RVMW indices and other RV functions were analyzed. RESULTS: During the multivariate analysis, the RV global work index (RVGWI) was significantly correlated with RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS) (p < .0001), pulmonary systolic artery pressure (PASP) (p < .0001), and tricuspid annular (TA) plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (p = .036). RV global constructive work (RVGCW) was correlated with RV GLS (p < .0001) and PASP (p < .0001). RV global wasted work (RVGWW) was correlated with RV GLS (p = .008) and TA isovolumetric acceleration (TA IVA) (p = .008). RV global work efficiency (RVGWE) was correlated with RV GLS (p < .0001) and tissue Doppler (TD) RV myocardial performance index (TD RMPI) (p = .043). CONCLUSION: RVMW indices showed good correlations with RV myocardial systolic function.

Impact on right ventricular performance in patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation: Left bundle branch pacing versus right ventricular septum pacing.

BACKGROUND: The novel method of left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has been reported to achieve better electrical and mechanical synchrony in the left ventricle than conventional right ventricular pacing (RVP). However, its effects on right ventricle (RV) performance are still unknown. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing dual-chamber pacemaker (PM) implantation for sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with normal cardiac function and a narrow QRS complex were recruited for the study. The pacing characteristics and echocardiogram parameters were measured to evaluate RV function, interventricular and RV synchrony, and were compared between ventricular pacing-on and native-conduction modes. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients diagnosed with SSS and an indication for pacing therapy were enrolled. Forty-two patients (50%; mean age 65.50 ± 9.30 years; 35% male) underwent successful LBBP and 42 patients (50%; mean age 69.26 ± 10.08 years; 33% male) RVSP, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. We found no significant differences in RV function [RV-FAC (Fractional Area Change)%, 47.13 ± 5.69 versus 48.60 ± 5.83, p = .069; Endo-GLS (Global Longitudinal Strain)%, -28.88 ± 4.94 versus -29.82 ± 5.35, p = .114; Myo-GLS%, -25.72 ± 4.75 versus -25.72 ± 5.21, p = .559; Free Wall St%, 27.40 ± 8.03 versus -28.71 ± 7.34, p = .304] between the native-conduction and LBBP capture modes, while the RVSP capture mode was associated with a significant reduction in the above parameters compared with the native-conduction mode (p < .0001). The interventricular synchrony in the LBBP group was also superior to the RVSP group significantly. CONCLUSION: LBBP is a pacing technique that seems to associate with a positive and protective impact on RV performance.

Rare malignant spindle cell sarcoma of the left atrium diagnosed with TEE: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: One of the purposes of echocardiography is to determine the nature of a space-occupying lesion. The conventional transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is the preferred method for the diagnosis of cardiac space-occupying lesions as it can reveal the baseline information. For patients with poor conditions, however, TTE cannot clearly display the boundary, it has a limited role in determining the nature of the lesions. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 47-year-old woman presented with intermittent fever for 7 days and chest distress/shortness of breath for 5 days. DIAGNOSIS: In our current case, we inferred the nature of space-occupying lesions in the left atrium more accurately using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) than TTE, which may offer diagnostic evidence for surgical treatment. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent surgical resection of the left atrial tumor and reconstruction of the left atrial wall. However, the patient's posterior lobe of the mitral valve was infiltrated by tumor, which was difficult to completely remove. OUTCOMES: Echocardiography was performed 3 months after surgery and the tumor recurred in the posterior lobe of the mitral valve. Although almost all tumors have been removed by surgery, the average survival time is often less than 1 year, as it is difficult to completely remove and easy to relapse with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a relatively more important role in the determination and differential diagnosis of cardiac space-occupying lesions.

Short-term and intermediate-term performance and safety of left bundle branch pacing.

INTRODUCTION: Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) is a promising new method for patients with pacing indications. This study aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of LBBP in a relatively longer time span. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 164 patients were recruited for LBBP in this study. Among these patients, 148 patients had pacing indications due to symptomatic bradycardia while the other 16 patients had indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). LBBP was successful in 89.0% (146/164) of all recruited patients. Intracardiac and surface electrographic parameters and image data were documented during the LBBP procedure. The mean paced QRS duration (pQRSD) and the mean stimulus to left ventricular activation time (stim-LVAT) was 106.0 ± 12.9 ms and 64.4 ± 13.7 ms respectively. Left bundle branch (LBB) potentials were recorded in 89 patients. Forty-three of whom had sick sinus syndrome (SSS), and 46 had atrioventricular block (AVB). The presence of LBB potential was more common in patients with SSS (82.7% vs 57.5%, P = .002). No significant differences in pQRSD, stim-LVAT, or capture threshold were detected between patient groups with or without LBB potential. Patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after the procedure. Pacing parameters and the echocardiographic data remained stable within a mean follow-up period of 8.6 ± 4.3 months. No serious complication caused by this procedure was found in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Successful LBBP carried an aspect of short pQRSD and stim-LVAT while the LBB potential was not the prerequisite and necessary feature. The LBBP procedure had a high success rate with satisfied and stable lead parameters during short and intermediate-term observations.

Evaluation of cardiac synchrony in left bundle branch pacing: Insights from echocardiographic research.

AIM: The aim of this study is to assess if left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) can preserve physiological cardiac synchrony and deliver favorable hemodynamic effects. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing dual chamber pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and a normal cardiac function with a narrow QRS complex were recruited for the study. Electrocardiogram and echocardiographic examinations were performed during ventricular pacing-on and native-conduction modes. The QRS duration (QRSd), systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI), and the standard deviation of time-to-peak contraction velocity in left ventricular (LV) 12 segments (Tsd-12-LV) were measured to evaluate LV synchrony. The stroke volume (SV) and the degree of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients underwent LBBP, while another 38 patients underwent right ventricular septum pacing (RVSP) as control group. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. With LBBP, the paced QRSd was slightly wider than the intrinsic QRSd (101.03 ± 8.79 ms vs 91.06 ± 14.17 ms, P < .0001) while the LV mechanical synchrony during LBBP pacing mode was similar to that of native-conduction mode (SDI, 3.14 ± 2.49 vs 2.70 ± 1.68, P = 0.129; Tsd-12-LV, 26.43 ± 15.55 vs 25.61 ± 16.07, P = .671) in the LBBP group. The LV synchrony in the LBBP group was superior to the RVSP group significantly. No significant differences in SV (64.08 ± 16.97 mL vs 65.45 ± 18.68 mL, P = .241) or the degree of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation were noted between LBBP capture and native-conduction modes. CONCLUSION: LBBP could preserve satisfactory LV synchrony and result in favorable hemodynamic effects.

Bilateral common carotid artery common trunk with aberrant right subclavian artery combined with right subclavian steal syndrome: A case report.

BACKGROUND: We report a rare case of numbness in the right hand, finally diagnosed as bilateral common carotid artery common trunk with aberrant right subclavian artery combined with right subclavian steal syndrome and explain the cause of these diseases. CASE SUMMARY: The patient was a 65-year-old woman. She complained of dizziness, numbness and weakness of the right hand for 6 mo. She was diagnosed with bilateral common carotid artery common trunk with aberrant right subclavian artery combined with right subclavian steal syndrome by ultrasound, enhanced computed tomography, computed tomography angiography and other examinations. Considering the surgical risks, the patient refused the aberrant right subclavian artery stent implantation and was discharged. We hypothesize that these two kinds of deformity and right subclavian steal syndrome may not occur by accident and result from multiple malformations. CONCLUSION: Bilateral common carotid artery common trunk with aberrant right subclavian artery combined with right subclavian steal syndrome is rare. This case reminds interventional radiologists of the possibility of these abnormalities before surgery.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) as a molecular diagnostic tool for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a Chinese boy due to novel compound heterozygous mutations in the MYBPC3 gene: A case report.

RATIONALE: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is mainly caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. One of the most commonly mutated HCM genes is the MYBPC3 gene. Mutations in this gene lead mainly to truncation of the protein, which gives rise to a relatively severe phenotype. Analyses of gene mutations associated with HCM are valuable for molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling, and management of familial HCM. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 12-year-old boy presented with palpitations and dyspnea after exercise for 1 year. Echocardiography showed myocardial asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum, the anterior wall, and the lateral wall of the left ventricle. The thickness of the interventricular septum was estimated to be 33 mm. ECG showed left ventricular high voltage and ST-T changes. He had been diagnosed with HCM 3 months previously. DIAGNOSES: Due to his clinical presentation, he was determined to have HCM via a molecular analysis, revealing compound heterozygotes (p.R597W and p.Q1012Sfs*8) in the MYBPC3 gene. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was prescribed metoprolol to slow the heart rate and increase diastolic filling time. OUTCOMES: The boy was treated with metoprolol 6.75 mg b.i.d. Approximately 3 months later, review of the echocardiography showed that the peak velocity across the LVOT dropped to 2.3 m/seconds and that the pressure gradient dropped to 21 mm Hg. LESSONS: A custom next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology for the HCM panel allowed us to identify compound heterozygous mutations in the MYBPC3 gene, confirming NGS as a molecular diagnostic tool.

The orphan receptor TR3 participates in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by controlling mTOR signalling.

Angiotensin II (AngII) induces cardiac hypertrophy and increases the expression of TR3. To determine whether TR3 is involved in the regulation of the pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by AngII, we established mouse and rat hypertrophy models using chronic AngII administration. Our results reveal that a deficiency of TR3 in mice or the knockdown of TR3 in the left ventricle of rats attenuated AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy compared with the respective controls. A mechanistic analysis demonstrates that the TR3-mediated activation of mTORC1 is associated with AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. TR3 was shown to form a trimer with the TSC1/TSC2 complex that specifically promoted TSC2 degradation via a proteasome/ubiquitination pathway. As a result, mTORC1, but not mTORC2, was activated; this was accompanied by increased protein synthesis, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and enlarged cell size, thereby resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. This study demonstrates that TR3 positively regulates cardiac hypertrophy by influencing the effect of AngII on the mTOR pathway. The elimination or reduction of TR3 may reduce cardiac hypertrophy; therefore, TR3 is a potential target for clinical therapy.