Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer-The Middle Child Syndrome.

Oligometastatic prostate cancer is an evolving clinical entity as more data from novel imaging tools such as PSMA PET/CT emerges. Recognition of this disease entity allows for unique interventions which differ from conventional treatment of metastatic prostate cancers such as the initiation of chemotherapy. With metastasis-directed therapy (MDT), there is potential for early eradication of limited disease metastases and a delay in systemic treatment with its associated treatment-related toxicities. This review explores the current evidence and outcomes of different metastasis-directed therapies such as the role of radiotherapy in low volume metastasis and the use of PSMA ligands to facilitate pelvic lymph node dissections. With a deeper understanding of this low metastasis state, it has revolutionized the current viable treatment options, and more studies are ongoing to provide further insights into this unique disease entity.

Mechanism of baixiangdan capsules on anti-neuroinflammation: combining dry and wet experiments.

Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and despite intensive research, treatment of neuroinflammation remains limited. BaiXiangDan capsule (BXD) is widely used in clinical practice. However, systematic studies on the direct role and mechanisms of BXD in neuroinflammation are still lacking. We systematically evaluated the potential pharmacological mechanisms of BXD on neuroinflammation using network pharmacological analysis combined with experimental validation. Multiple databases are used to mine potential targets for bioactive ingredients, drug targets and neuroinflammation. GO and KEGG pathway analysis was also performed. Interactions between active ingredients and pivotal targets were confirmed by molecular docking. An experimental model of neuroinflammation was used to evaluate possible therapeutic mechanisms for BXD. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that Chrysoeriol, Kaempferol and Luteolin in BXD exerted their anti-neuroinflammatory effects mainly by acting on targets such as NCOA2, PIK3CA and PTGS2. Molecular docking results showed that their average affinity was less than -5 kcal/mol, with an average affinity of -8.286 kcal/mol. Pathways in cancer was found to be a potentially important pathway, with involvement of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that BXD treatment ameliorated neural damage and reduced neuronal cell death. Western blotting, RT-qPCR and ELISA analysis showed that BXD inhibited not only the expression of IL-1ß, TNF-α and NO, but also NF-κB, MMP9 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. This study applied network pharmacology and in vivo experiments to explore the possible mechanisms of BXD against neuroinflammation, providing insight into the treatment of neuroinflammation.

Proteomic and metabolomic analyses showing the differentially accumulation of NnUFGT2 is involved in the petal red-white bicolor pigmentation in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).

Bicolor flower lotus is rare with high ornamental value. During the long history of breeding and artificial selection, a very famous lotus cultivar 'Da Sajin' with red and white picotee bicolor petals were obtained. In order to reveal the mechanism underlying the formation of its picotee bicolor pattern in the petal, an integrative metabolomics and proteomics analyses were conducted between red and white parts of its petals. The results showed that the defect of anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferases (UFGTs) accumulation resulted in the failure of the glycosylation of anthocyanidin, the last step of anthocyanin biosynthesis in white part of the petals. And proteomic data and biochemical analysis showed that the defect of UFGTs accumulation is not related to their transcription, but because of their degradation. Function of one differentially accumulated NnUFGT were proven being involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis through both in-vitro enzyme assay and in-vivo transgenic analyses. This regulation on the protein accumulation of structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis was not explored in any other plants, and hence supposed to be a novel mechanism for the formation of picotee bicolor pattern flower. The results not only provide some new insights into the understanding of lotus flower coloration, but also might assist the breeding of flower lotus.

The potential role of the orexin system in premenstrual syndrome.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs recurrently during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and disappears after menstruation ends. It is characterized by abnormal changes in both the body and mood, and in certain cases, severe disruptions in daily life and even suicidal tendencies. Current drugs for treating PMS, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, do not yield satisfactory results. Orexin, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus, is garnering attention in the treatment of neurological disorders and is believed to modulate the symptoms of PMS. This paper reviews the advancements in research on sleep disturbances, mood changes, and cognitive impairment caused by PMS, and suggests potential pathways for orexin to address these symptoms. Furthermore, it delves into the role of orexin in the molecular mechanisms underlying PMS. Orexin regulates steroid hormones, and the cyclic fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PMS. Additionally, orexin also modulates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and the inflammatory response involved in coordinating the mechanism of PMS. Unraveling the role of orexin in the pathogenesis of PMS will not only aid in understanding the etiology of PMS but also hold implications for orexin as a novel target for treating PMS.

An adaptive acoustoelectric signal decoding algorithm based on Fourier fitting for brain function imaging.

Acousticelectric brain imaging (ABI), which is based on the acoustoelectric (AE) effect, is a potential brain function imaging method for mapping brain electrical activity with high temporal and spatial resolution. To further enhance the quality of the decoded signal and the resolution of the ABI, the decoding accuracy of the AE signal is essential. An adaptive decoding algorithm based on Fourier fitting (aDAF) is suggested to increase the AE signal decoding precision. The envelope of the AE signal is first split into a number of harmonics by Fourier fitting in the suggested aDAF. The least square method is then utilized to adaptively select the greatest harmonic component. Several phantom experiments are implemented to assess the performance of the aDAF, including 1-source with various frequencies, multiple-source with various frequencies and amplitudes, and multiple-source with various distributions. Imaging resolution and decoded signal quality are quantitatively evaluated. According to the results of the decoding experiments, the decoded signal amplitude accuracy has risen by 11.39% when compared to the decoding algorithm with envelope (DAE). The correlation coefficient between the source signal and the decoded timing signal of aDAF is, on average, 34.76% better than it was for DAE. Finally, the results of the imaging experiment show that aDAF has superior imaging quality than DAE, with signal-to noise ratio (SNR) improved by 23.32% and spatial resolution increased by 50%. According to the experiments, the proposed aDAF increased AE signal decoding accuracy, which is vital for future research and applications related to ABI.

Metabolomic Analysis on the Petal of 'Chen Xi' Rose with Light-Induced Color Changes.

Flower color is one of the most prominent traits of rose flowers and determines their ornamental value. The color of the "Chen Xi" rose can change from yellow to red during flower blooming. In the present study, the flavonoid metabolites were investigated by the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS from the petals of four successive flower development stages under natural conditions. In total, 176 flavonoid components, including 49 flavones, 59 flavonols, 12 flavanones, 3 isoflavones, 12 anthocyanins, and 41 proanthocyanidins were identified, with some of them being detected for the first time in this study. Additionally, there were 56 compounds that showed differences among comparison groups, mainly being enriched in pathways of isoflavone, flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, phenylpropanoids, and anthocyanin. Among them, it is anthocyanins that allow the rose flower to turn red when exposed to sunlight. To verify this result, compounds from rose petal with shading treatment (S2D) was also detected but could be clearly separated from the four samples under light by clustering and principal component analyses (PCA). Consistent with low anthocyanins accumulation, the flower with shading could not turn red. Moreover, it provides a foundation for further research on the light-induced color modification of flower.

A bHLH gene NnTT8 of Nelumbo nucifera regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Lotus is an important aquatic ornamental plant, whose flower color is one of the key horticultural traits that determines its ornamental value. Previous studies revealed that anthocyanins largely determined the red color of lotus flower, which are also the main component that has beneficial effects on human health. However, the regulation mechanism of flower pigmentation in lotus flower remains unclear. In the present study, in order to further understand the regulatory mechanism underlying the anthocyanin biosynthesis, a bHLH gene NnTT8 was characterized to be phylogenetically close to AtTT8 and the bHLH proteins from other plant species that have been indicated to be involved in the positive regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Complementation analysis in Arabidopsis tt8 mutant showed that NnTT8 could function similarly to AtTT8 in regulating anthocyanin and proanthocyanin biosynthesis. An MYB transcription factor capable of interacting with NnTT8 was also characterized from lotus. The identification of a bHLH transcription factor playing regulatory roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial, as it might help to obtain more in-depth insight into the coloration of lotus and help in breeding high anthocyanin content lotus variety that can be explored for lotus flower beverages.

Acoustoelectric Signal Decoding Based on Fourier Approximation.

The acoustoelectric (AE) effect is that ultrasonic wave causes the conductivity of electrolyte to change in local position. AE imaging is an imaging method that utilizes AE effect. The decoding accuracy of AE signal is of great significance to improve the decoded signal quality and resolution of AE imaging. At present, the envelope function is adopted to decode AE signal, but the timing characteristics of the decoded signal and the source signal are not very consistent. In order to further improve the decoding accuracy, based on envelope decoding, the decoding process of AE signal is investigated. Considering with the periodic property of AE signal in time series, the upper envelope signal is further fitted by Fourier approximation. Phantom experiment validates the feasibility of AE signal decoding by Fourier approximation. And the time sequence diagram decoded with envelope is also compared. The fitted curve can represent the overall trend curve of low-frequency current signal, which has a significant correspondence with the current source signal. The main performance is of the same frequency and phase. Experiment results validate that the proposed decoding algorithm can improve the decoding accuracy of AE signal and be of potential for the clinical application of AE imaging.