[Surveillance and response to measles outbreaks in China, 2016-2020].

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles outbreaks in China from 2016 to 2020 and related outbreak investigations and response performances. Methods: The information about the incidence of measles outbreaks, the investigation and response of measles outbreaks in 31 provinces from 2016 to 2020 were collected from Measles Surveillance System, and the incidence of suspected measles outbreaks detected through sporadic case finding during the same period according to the measles outbreak definition was analyzed. Results: From 2016 to 2020, a total of 344 measles outbreaks were reported nationwide, involving 1 886 measles cases. The median of intervals between the first case onsets and reported outbreaks ranged from 4 to 10 days, the median of the numbers of involved cases ranged from 2 to 3, and the median of the duration of the epidemic ranged from 8 to 13 days, and some outbreaks had long durations of 65,44,28,63 and 13 days. The top three provinces with high number of reported outbreaks were Gansu, Beijing and Shandong. Among the reported outbreaks, 115 occurred in communities/villages, accounting for the highest proportion. The genotype identification results indicated that all the outbreaks in 2016 were caused by measles virus H1, and the proportion of the outbreaks caused by measles virus H1 decreased year by year since then, which was 88.57% (31/35) in 2017, 85.00% (17/20) in 2018 and 15.79% (3/19) in 2019 respectively. There was no outbreak caused by measles H1 reported in 2020, the 4 isolates all belonged to genotype D8. Active case findings were conducted in local medical institutions for 313 outbreaks, and measles-containing vaccine coverage surveys were conducted for 266 outbreaks. From 2016 to 2020, a total of 919 suspected measles outbreaks were detected nationwide, involving 4 212 measles cases. The top three provinces with suspected measles outbreaks were Xinjiang, Gansu and Sichuan. The suspected measles outbreaks also mainly occurred in communities/villages (493). Conclusions: The number, scale and duration of measles outbreaks were gradually decreasing, the measles outbreaks at the community level can not be ignored, and the local H1 genotypes tend to be gradually replaced by other genotypes. Improving the sensitivity of outbreak surveillance, promoting vaccination, expanding the vaccine coverage, timely and effective response to the outbreaks are the focus of measles elimination in China in the future.

[Clinical characteristics and related factors of human respiratory syncytial viruses infection in premature infants within 2 years after birth in Shenzhen Children's Hospital].

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and factors associated with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection in preterm infants within the first 2 years of life. Methods: Children with respiratory tract infections admitted to Shenzhen Children's Hospital during the 3-year period from January 2016 to December 2018 who were <2 years old and whose gestational age at birth was <37 weeks were selected, and those who met the diagnostic criteria for RSV infection were categorized as the positive case group, and those who had no detectable influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus antigens were categorized as the negative group. The clinical characteristics of the case group were retrospectively analyzed. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the associated factors. Results: A total of 1, 483 children were included, of whom 149 (10.1%) were HRSV positive (case group) and 447 (30.1%) were in the negative group (control group). In the case group, there were 88 (59.1%) male and 61 (40.1%) female children; 127 children (85.2%) in the mild-to-moderate disease group and 22 children (14.8%) in the severe disease group. The number of cases in the severe disease group was greater than that in the mild-to-moderate disease group [(17 cases, 77.3%) than (59 cases, 46.5%)], with statistical significance (P=0.010). A total of 117 cases (78.5%) had onset from February to July. Multivariable analysis showed that males [OR (95%CI) of 0.105 (0.013-0.112)], age at month [0.045 (0.036-0.112)], congenital heart disease [0.388 (0.206-0.940)] and bronchopulmonary dysplasia [0.622 (0.484-0.927)] were positively associated with HRSV infection in preterm infants. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HRSV infection in preterm infants in Shenzhen is from February to July each year, and male children are more common. Young age, congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are all independent risk factors for HRSV infection in preterm infants.

[Epidemic profile of mumps in China during 2004-2013].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in China from 2004 to 2013. METHODS: Data of mump cases occurring between 2004 and 2013 were gathered from the national notifiable disease reporting system in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan); only cases classified as "final card" , laboratory confirmed, or clinical diagnosis were included. Descriptive epidemiology techniques were used to analyze features of sex, age, trends over time, and geography. RESULTS: Average incidence of mumps between 2004 to 2013 was 24.20/100 000. Peaks were in 2011 and 2012, with incidence 33.9/100 000 (454 385/1.340 million) and 35.6/100 000 (479 518/1.347 million). Two seasonal peaks occurred regularly in years, one from April to July in the first year, and the other from November to January in the next year. During the study period, provinces with the highest incidence were Ningxia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Guangxi; incidences were 72.1/100 000 (4 425/6.13 million), 48.5/100 000 (1 396/3 million), 51.7/100 000 (10 887/21.04 million), and 40.8/100 000 (19 179/46.99 million), respectively. Guangdong (28 078), Sichuan (21 924), Guangxi (21 616), and Zhejiang (20 000) provinces reported the highest number of mumps cases. Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai showed a consistently low incidence. Mumps cases occurred primarily among children aged 5-9 years, with incidence ranging from 118.2/100 000 to 281.4/100 000. In 2004-2008, the peak age was 6-8 years (174.1/100 000) and in 2009-2013, peak age was 5-7 years (234.5/100 000). CONCLUSION: The highest incidences of mumps in China were reported in 2011 and 2012, with children of school age constituting the majority of cases.

[Spatial autocorrelation analysis of measles in China, 2005-2014].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the spatial features of measles in China by means of spatial statistical analysis. METHODS: Data of prefecture-level measles cases and incidence from 2005 to 2014 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Information collected from the system included demographic characteristics, spatial distribution information, and diagnostic reports. Cases of unconfirmed measles and those with unknown address were ruled out. Cases from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and foreign countries were not included in this study. Maps were obtained from geographical boundary data at prefecture level from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and demographic data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Based on different measures of measles elimination, we divided the data from 2005 to 2014 into three stages: stage 1 (2005-2008), stage 2 (2009-2012), and stage 3 (2013-2014). ArcGIS software was used to describe the spatial distribution and for global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis. RESULTS: The total number of confirmed measles cases reported in the system was 650 222, with average incidence 0.46/100 000. The highest reported incidence was in 2008 (9.95/100 000) and the lowest in 2012 (0.46/100 000). Average incidences for stages 1, 2, and 3 were 8.87/100 000, 1.99/100 000 and 2.96/100 000, respectively. Global Moran's I coefficients from 2005 to 2014 were 0.31, 0.08, 0.36, 0.56, 0.26, 0.48, 0.34, 0.20, 0.29 and 0.52, respectively; all were significant (P<0.05). Average incidences for high-high (H-H) clusters in 2005-2008, 2009-2012, and 2013-2014 were 33.02/100 000, 7.06/100 000, 11.91/100 000, respectively. Western China had high-value clustering consistently throughout all three periods; however, the number of prefectures covered by high-value clusters and discrepancy in the incidence between western and eastern regions were low. Northeast and northern China had H-H clustering in stages 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: In this study, measles incidence was spatially autocorrelated at the prefecture level from 2005 to 2014. Although China has made great progress in the elimination of measles, H-H clusters were consistently present. A need remains in China for targeted measles prevention and control measures.