Ionic liquid under ultrasonic irradiation towards a facile synthesis of pyrazolone derivatives.

Ionic liquid [HMIM]HSO(4) was found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 4-[(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-5-methyl-2-phen-yl-1,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-ones through the condensation reaction of arylaldehydes and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature. The present methodology offers several advantages such as excellent yields, simple procedure and mild conditions.

Ionic liquid [EMIM]OAc under ultrasonic irradiation towards the first synthesis of trisubstituted imidazoles.

The ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate ([EMIM]OAc) was found to be a mild and effective catalyst for the efficient, one-pot, three-component synthesis of 2-aryl-4,5-diphenyl imidazoles at room temperature under ultrasonic irradiation. This procedure has many obvious advantages compared to those reported in the previous literatures, including avoiding the use of harmful catalysts, reacting at room temperature, high yields, simplicity of the methodology.

4-Benzyl-4-methyl-morpholinium hexa-fluoro-phosphate.

In the title compound, C(12)H(18)NO(+)·PF(6) (-), the asymmetric unit consists of two cation-anion pairs. The six F atoms of one anion are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.592 (6):0.408 (6) ratio. The morpholinium rings adopt chair conformations.

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces: study in Beijing and Fuxin of China.

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu (copper) feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner > grower-finisher > sow's feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.

[Contents and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in fFarmland soils of Fuxin City].

A total of 180 farmland soil samples were collected from the suburbs of Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, to investigate the contents and spatial distribution patterns of Cu, Zn, As and Ni, with the effects of mining on their accumulation and spatial distribution in test farmland soils discussed. The results indicated that in study area, farmland soils had an accumulation of Cu, Zn and Ni, with the geometric mean concentrations higher than the background values. Among the soils planted with different crops, vegetable soil had significantly higher contents of Cu, Zn and As than grain crop soil. The spatial distribution of four test metals showed the same pattern of urban > suburban, and the regions with high concentrations of heavy metals were well overlapped with mining areas, suggesting that mining activities might be one of the most important source of heavy metals in the farmland soils. The rapid increase of animal manure also contributed to the import of pollutants to farmland soils to some degree. The potential risks of soil heavy metals pollution should be considered in the arrangement of local agricultural and animal husbandry productions.