Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in Children and Adolescents Treated With Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin (BEP) Protocol: A Survival Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent a diverse group of rare neoplasms that vary in location, histology, and clinical presentation. This study focuses on the clinical outcomes and survival rates of children and adolescents treated with the bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) protocol. METHODS: This observational study evaluated children under 18 years diagnosed with testicular germ cell tumors and treated with the BEP protocol from January 2008 to December 2018. We employed descriptive analysis and used the Kaplan-Meier method to calculate event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival rates. RESULTS: The study included 32 patients with an average age of 9.8 years (SD ± 6.7). The primary reason for consultation was a testicular mass. The classification of patients was E-I for 14 patients (44%) and E-III and E-IV for nine patients (28%). Endodermal sinus tumors and mixed germ cell tumors were the most commonly identified histological types. With a median follow-up of 7.8 years (95% confidence interval {CI}: 5.9-9.6), the event-free survival was 63.7%. The overall survival at a median follow-up of 9.1 years (95% CI: 7.5-10.7) was 76.1%. CONCLUSION: The BEP chemotherapy regimen offers promising results for treating testicular germ cell tumors in children and adolescents, characterized by its low toxicity and minimal late side effects. However, patients older than 11 years displayed more adverse histological indicators, advanced disease stages, and higher relapse and mortality rates.

Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver in Pediatrics: A Diagnostic Challenge With Implications for Early Management.

A 10-year-old boy was evaluated for intermittent colicky abdominal pain, general malaise, and asthenia. Imaging revealed a solid liver lesion. Subsequent biopsy and extension studies diagnosed the lesion as undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver, classified as PRETEXT II, group III according to the postoperative staging system of the Intergroup Study for Soft Tissue Sarcomas. He underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy using alternating cycles of ifosfamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, D-actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. This was followed by surgical intervention and two additional adjuvant chemotherapy cycles, resulting in a complete disease response. The patient remains in follow-up and shows no signs of relapse 28 months post-diagnosis. Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver is a rare and often misdiagnosed condition that can be mistaken for a benign disease. Its prognosis hinges on timely and accurate diagnosis, which is essential for effectively treating patients with this aggressive pathology with a high mortality risk. Notably, there is no standard treatment approach. In our case, we implemented therapeutic strategies from various literature reports, yielding a promising outcome and positive patient progression.

Pediatric Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm, Clinical Features and Immunophenotype: A Case Report.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare but aggressive malignancy with high mortality involving the skin and hematopoietic system. Clinical suspicion is difficult, and management of skin lesions is challenging due to their indolent course prior to dissemination. We describe a patient with isolated skin involvement who progressed to CD4+/CD56+ and CD123+ acute leukemia.

Germ Cell Tumor of the Yolk Sac in the Uterine Corpus: Case Report of a 14-Month-Old Female Infant.

Malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) localized in the uterus are rare in prepubertal girls. They typically occur in postmenopausal women and are characterized by the presence of a pelvic mass and transvaginal bleeding. In this case, the authors describe the clinical features, radiologic findings, histopathologic description, and treatment received by an infant with a primary yolk sac tumor of the uterine wall. Currently, treatment for uterine GCTs is based on guidelines for GCTs. Surgery and bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin (pBEP) chemotherapy are effective for uterine yolk sac tumors. After 46 months of clinical follow-up, which included abdominopelvic ultrasound and tumor marker assessments, our patient is free of disease, suggesting a favorable outcome.

Primary central nervous system tumors survival in children in ten Colombian cities: a VIGICANCER report.

Purpose: Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common cancer in children and adolescents, leading to premature death and disability. Population-based survival estimates aid decision-making in cancer control, however data on survival for primary CNS tumors in Latin America is lacking. We describe survival rates for children with primary CNS tumors treated in ten Colombian cities. Methods: We analyzed data from children and adolescents newly diagnosed with cancer between 2012 and 2021, participating in the Childhood Cancer Clinical Outcomes Surveillance System (VIGICANCER) in ten cities in Colombia. VIGICANCER collects information on clinical outcomes from twenty-seven pediatric oncology units and conducts active follow-up every three months. VIGICANCER does not register craniopharyngiomas; we excluded intracranial germ cell tumors for this report. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the overall survival probability, stratified by sociodemographic variables, topography, WHO grading, receipt of radiation therapy, and type of surgical resection. We analyzed the prognostic capacity of variables using multivariate proportional Cox's regression, stratified by city and year of diagnosis. Results: During the study period, VIGICANCER included 989 primary CNS tumors in 879 children and 110 adolescents. The cohort median age was 9 years; 53% of patients were males, and 8% were Afro-descendants. Most common tumors were supratentorial astrocytomas (47%), astrocytic tumors (35%), medulloblastomas (20%), ependymomas (11%), and mixed and unspecified gliomas (10%). Five-year overall survival of the entire cohort was 54% (95% CI, 51-58); for supratentorial gliomas, WHO grade I was 77%, II was 62%, III-IV was 27%, respectively, and for medulloblastoma was 61%. The adjusted hazard rate ratio for patients with WHO grade III and IV, for those with subtotal resection, for brainstem location, and for those not receiving radiation therapy was 7.4 (95% CI, 4.7-11.8), 6.4 (95% CI, 4.2-9.8), 2.8 (95% 2.1-3.8), 2.0 (95% CI, 1.3-2.8) and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.7-3.0), respectively. Conclusion: We found that half of Colombia's children and adolescents with primary CNS tumors survive five years, compared to 70% to 80% in high-income countries. In addition to tumor biology and location, gross total resection was crucial for improved survival in this cohort. Systematic monitoring of survival and its determinants provides empirical data for guiding cancer control policies.

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia pediatric patient. Case report and review of literature.

Mucormycosis is a disease caused by opportunistic fungi of the order Mucorales that generally affects immunocompromised patients or those with underlying disease. It has a high mortality rate and is the third most common invasive fungal infection. The following is a case report of a 12-year-old pediatric patient diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who presented an aggressive infectious disease two months after beginning chemotherapy, which began in the right frontal and maxillary sinuses, with subsequent progression and extension, progressively deteriorating the patient's clinical status. Culture and biopsy of the affected areas were performed, confirming by histopathology and isolation a rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis due to Actinomucor elegans. The patient was treated with specific antifungal therapy as an inpatient and left the service after obtaining negative cultures, continuing with outpatient antifungal treatment.

Raoultella ornithinolytica urinary tract infection in a pediatric patient with T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia / Infección de vías urinarias por Raoultella ornithinolytica en un paciente pediátrico con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de células T

Abstract Background: Currently, Raoultella ornithinolytica is considered an emerging pathogen of community- and hospital-acquired infection, particularly in patients with immunodeficiencies, malignancies, anatomical abnormalities, or after invasive procedures. Pediatric infections with R. ornithinolytica are exceedingly rare, with only six previously reported cases, of which only two were reported as a urinary tract infection. Case report: Here, we describe a polymicrobial urinary tract infection (R. ornithinolytica and Enterococcus faecalis) in a pediatric patient with T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which was successfully treated with ampicillin-sulbactam. Conclusions: To the extent of our knowledge, we report the seventh case in a pediatric patient and only the third case of a urinary tract infection in this age group caused by R. ornithinolytica.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente Raoultella ornithinolytica es considerado un patógeno emergente involucrado en infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad y en el hospital, en particular en pacientes con algún tipo de inmunodeficiencia, malignidad, alteraciones anatómicas o sometidos a procedimientos invasivos. Las infecciones pediátricas causadas por R. ornithinolytica son sumamente raras, con solo seis casos publicados, de los cuales nada más dos se presentaron como infección de vías urinarias. Caso clínico: Se describe una infección de vías urinarias polimicrobiana (R. ornithinolytica y Enterococcus faecalis) en un paciente pediátrico con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de células T, que fue tratado satisfactoriamente con ampicilina-sulbactam. Conclusiones: Con base en lo que se sabe hasta el momento, se reporta el séptimo caso en un paciente pediátrico y el tercer caso de infección de vías urinarias causada por R. ornithinolytica en este grupo de edad.

Raoultella ornithinolytica urinary tract infection in a pediatric patient with T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Currently, Raoultella ornithinolytica is considered an emerging pathogen of community- and hospital-acquired infection, particularly in patients with immunodeficiencies, malignancies, anatomical abnormalities, or after invasive procedures. Pediatric infections with R. ornithinolytica are exceedingly rare, with only six previously reported cases, of which only two were reported as a urinary tract infection. CASE REPORT: Here, we describe a polymicrobial urinary tract infection (R. ornithinolytica and Enterococcus faecalis) in a pediatric patient with T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which was successfully treated with ampicillin-sulbactam. CONCLUSIONS: To the extent of our knowledge, we report the seventh case in a pediatric patient and only the third case of a urinary tract infection in this age group caused by R. ornithinolytica.

Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma of the Tongue in an Adolescent.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis and aggressive clinical behavior. Alveolar soft part sarcoma arises in the head and neck in 27% of cases, with 25% of head and neck cases occurring in the tongue. Herein the case of a pediatric patient diagnosed with alveolar soft tissue sarcoma of the tongue, who received surgical treatment with total resection of the lesion and chemotherapy without radiotherapy, is presented. To date, the patient is in remission of the disease.

BRAF V600E-Positive Congenital Multisite Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.

Congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) usually manifests as a disease limited to the skin, with self-healing characteristics; however, in some cases, it may be a more severe entity, with multisystemic expression and poor prognosis. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with multisystemic congenital LCH, with the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation, with a severe form of the disease, with risk organ compromise, and manifestations of resistance to chemotherapy. This case is a challenge due to the disease's biologically aggressive behavior in this patient. It presents unique treatment difficulties as a result of inherent resistance to conventional therapy and uncertain response to BRAF inhibitors.

Linfoma linfoblástico cutáneo de células precursoras B: una presentación infrecuente de linfomas en niños / Cutaneous lymphoblastic lymphoma of precursor B cells: An infrequent presentation of lymphomas in children

Resumen Los linfomas linfoblásticos primarios cutáneos son una enfermedad infrecuente que ocurre predominantemente en la edad pediátrica y al momento del diagnóstico se presentan con lesiones cutáneas sin enfermedad sistèmica identificable. La enfermedad tiene un comportamiento agresivo y el tratamiento debe basarse en protocolos derivados de manejo de las leucemias linfoblásticas agudas con lo que se ha demostrado buenas tasas de supervivencia. Los autores presentan el caso de una niña con un linfoma linfoblástico de células precursoras B primario cutáneo localizado en cara manejado con protocolo basado en BFM para leucemias linfoblásticas con buena evolución.

Abstract Primary cutaneous lymphoblastic lymphomas are an infrequent disease that occurs predominantly in the pediatric age; and they present with cutaneous lesions without identifiable systemic disease at the time of diagnosis. The disease has an aggressive behavior and the treatment must be based on protocols derived from the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which has shown good survival rates. The authors present the case of a girl with a lymphoblastic lymphoma of cutaneous primary precursor B cells localized on the face managed with a BFM-based protocol for lymphoblastic leukemia with good evolution.

Linfadenectomía paraaórtica extraperitoneal por laparoscopia como método clasificatorio en pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma de cérvix localmente avanzado: reporte de casos / Laparoscopic extraperitoneal para-aortic lymphadenectomy as a classification method in locally advanced cervical cancer: Report of a series of cases

Resumen Describimos la experiencia quirúrgica de diez pacientes sometidas a linfadenectomía paraaórtica extraperitoneal laparoscópica (LPEL) para clasificación en carcinoma de cérvix localmente avanzado (CCLA) y revisión de la literatura. Métodos: Búsqueda de literatura en MEDLINE y EMBASE usando palabras clave: "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Lymph Nodes; Lymph Node Excision; Laparoscopy; extraperitoneal''. Describimos la técnica quirúrgica para LPEL y resultados obtenidos en 10 pacientes intervenidas. Resultados: Diez pacientes con CCLA fueron sometidas a LPEL, rango de edad entre 29 y 65 años, sangrado operatorio entre 5 y 30cc, recuento ganglionar entre 2 y 11 ganglios; no complicaciones intraoperatorias y estancia hospitalaria entre uno y tres días. Conclusión: Es la primera experiencia reportada de LPEL para el CCLA en Colombia, siendo un procedimiento factible, seguro y útil para identificar compromiso paraaórtico adaptando el tratamiento.

Abstract A description is presented on the surgical experience of 10 patients who underwent laparoscopic extraperitoneal para-aortic lymphadenectomy (LEPL) in order to classify locally advanced cervical carcinoma (LACC), as well as a literature review. Methods: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE using the following keywords:''Uterine Cervical Cancer; Cancer Staging; Lymph Nodes; Lymph Node Excision; Laparoscopy; extraperitoneal''. The surgical technique for LEPL is described, as well as the outcomes of the 10 patients who underwent surgery. Results: A total of 10 patients, with ages between 29 and 65 years and with LACC underwent LPEL. There were surgical blood losses between 5 to 30 cc, a lymph node count between 2 and 11, no surgical complications, and a hospital stay of between 1 and 3 days. Conclusion: This is the first experience reported for LPEL for LACC in Colombia. It is a safe, feasible, and useful procedure to identify para-aortic involvement.

Pacientes pediátricos con choque séptico que ingresan a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Paediatric patients with septic shock admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of the National Cancer Institute

Resumen Introducción: La sepsis es una de las principales causas de muerte en niños, y para pacientes con cáncer el riesgo es mayor. Un estudio reciente del grupo de oncología del instituto nacional de cancerología muestra que la principal causa de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico (UCIP) del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) es el choque séptico. Es importante describir a esta población para buscar potenciales intervenciones tempranas y efectivas. Objetivo: Describir el curso clínico en los pacientes pediátricos con cáncer que ingresaron con diagnóstico de choque séptico entre octubre de 2011 a diciembre del 2013 a la UCIP del INC. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de todos los pacientes oncológicos menores de 18 años que ingresaron a la UCIP con diagnóstico de choque séptico. Se midieron datos demográficos, diagnósticos de ingreso, microorganismos aislados y tanto resultados clínicos como resultados del tratamiento. La mortalidad observada se comparó con la mortalidad esperada utilizando el puntaje PIM3 (Pediatric Index of Mortality 3). Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 109 pacientes, con una edad mediana de 7 años. La mediana de estancia en la unidad fue de 7 días (RIC = 10,1). La neutropenia febril con shock (27%) fue el diagnóstico infeccioso más frecuente. El 79% de los pacientes presentaban neoplasias hematológicas. Las bacterias Gram-negativas fueron el microorganismo más común recuperado. La mortalidad observada fue del 24,7% mientras que la mortalidad esperada fue del 14,3%. Conclusión: Los pacientes en este grupo presentan características similares a las informadas en otras series. Sin embargo, la mortalidad observada fue mayor que la mortalidad esperada. Este hallazgo debe ser explorado por estudios adicionales para establecer si se trata de una baja calibración del puntaje PIM3 o de diferencias particulares en el diagnóstico y manejo de estos pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in children, and for patients with cancer the risk is even greater. A recent study by our group shows that the main cause of admission to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the National Cancer Institute (INC) is septic shock. It is important to better describe this population to look for potential early and effective interventions. Objective: To describe the clinical course of paediatric patients with cancer and with a diagnosis of septic shock who were admitted to the PICU of the INC between October 2011 and December 2013. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of all cancer patients under 18 years of age who were admitted to the PICU with a diagnosis of septic shock. A record was made of demographic data, admission diagnoses, any microorganisms isolated, as well as clinical and treatment outcomes. The observed mortality was compared to the expected mortality using the PIM3 score (Paediatric Index of Mortality 3) Results: The study included a total of 109 patients, with a mean age of 7 years old. The median length of stay in the unit was 7 days (IRQ 10.1). Febrile neutropenia with shock (27%) was the most frequent infectious diagnosis. The large majority (79%) of the patients had haematological malignancies. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common microorganism isolated. The observed mortality was 24.7%, while the expected mortality was 14.3%. Conclusion: Although the patients in this group have similar characteristics to those reported in other series, the observed mortality was greater than the expected mortality. This finding should be explored by additional studies to establish if it is a question of low calibration of the PIM3 score or of particular differences in the diagnosis and management of these patients.

Carcinoma de esófago en un adolescente de 14 años de edad con esófago de Barrett: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Oesophageal carcinoma in a14 year old with Barrett's oesophagus: Case report and literature review

Resumen Los carcinomas del esófago son neoplasias extremadamente raras en niños y adolescentes y la literatura médica está limitada a reportes y series de casos. En su etiología están asociados algunos factores de riesgo implicados con la inflamación y la irritación crónica de las paredes del esófago. Los autores presentan el caso de un adolescente de14 años de edad con retardo mental y esófago de Barrett que desarrolló un carcinoma adenoescamoso del tercio medio del esófago. Se describen las características clínicas, los hallazgos radiológicos, la patología y el tratamiento adyuvante y quirúrgico recibido por el paciente.

Abstract Carcinomas of the oesophagus are extremely rare neoplasms in children and adolescents, and the medical literature is limited to case reports and series. In its aetiology they are associated with some risk factors involved with inflammation and chronic irritation of the wall of the oesophagus. The authors present the case of a14 year old mentally retarded and Barrett's oesophagus that developed an adeno-squamous carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus. Clinical features, radiological findings, pathology and surgical and adjuvant treatment received by the patient are described.

Resultados del tratamiento de osteosarcoma convencional de alto grado en niños y adolescentes: análisis de supervivencia de una cohorte tratada sin metotrexato / Treatment outcomes in conventional high-grade osteosarcoma in children and adolescents: An analysis of survival of a cohort treated without methotrexate

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar la supervivencia global, libre de evento, la respuesta histológica a quimioterapia neoadyuvante y los resultados de la cirugía de preservación de la extremidad en pacientes con osteosarcoma convencional tratados sin altas dosis de metotrexato en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia. Pacientes y métodos: una cohorte de pacientes menores de 21 años de edad con diagnóstico de osteosarcoma convencional, con o sin metástasis, fueron tratados con quimioterapia preoperatoria por doce semanas; seguidos de cirugía de control local en la semana 15 y tres ciclos de quimioterapia posoperatoria. En el tratamiento se administraron cuatro medicamentos (ifosfamida, doxorrubicina, cisplatino y etopósido) y no se incluyó el uso de metotrexato. La supervivencia global y libre de evento fue calculada por el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se realizó análisis multivariable para predictores de supervivencia mediante el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron para α 0,05. Resultados: Entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2007 ingresaron 122 pacientes con osteosarcoma convencional, para una mediana de seguimiento de 25,4 meses (rango 1,13 a 169). La edad promedio fue 13,7 años (DE: 2,9) y de los procedimientos quirúrgicos la cirugía de salvamento correspondió al 52% y la cirugía ablativa al 38%. La supervivencia global y libre de evento fue mayor en los buenos respondedores a quimioterapia que en malos respondedores (HR = 4,33; IC 95% 1,77-10,58)) y (HR = 2,90; IC 95% 1,60-5,27). La supervivencia global y libre de evento fue diferente entre los pacientes con y sin metástasis al diagnóstico (HR = 2,13; IC 95% 0,97-4,72) y(HR = 2,07; (IC 95% 1,10 - 3,90). Conclusión: El osteosarcoma puede ser tratado con quimioterapia sin altas dosis de metotrexato logrando supervivencia moderadamente efectiva y comparable con la de países desarrollados.

Abstract Objective: To report event-free overall survival rates and histological response results for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb-salvage surgery in conventional osteosarcoma patients treated without high methotrexate doses in the National Cancer Institute of Colombia. Patients and Methods: A cohort of under 21-year old patients diagnosed with conventional osteosarcoma, with or without metastasis, underwent preoperative chemotherapy for twelve weeks, followed by local control surgery in week 15, and three postoperative chemotherapy cycles. Treatment did not include methotrexate. Four drugs were administered: ifosfamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and etoposide. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival and event-free rates. A multivariate analysis of survival predictors was carried out with the Cox proportional hazards method. Statistical analysis was based on an α of 0.05. Results: From January 1997 to December 2007, a total of l22 conventional osteosarcoma patients received treatment, with a median follow-up of 24.4 months (range 1.13 to 169). The mean patient age was 13.7 years (SD ±2.9 yrs). Limb-salvage surgery was performed in 52% and ablative surgery in 38%. Overall survival and event-free rates were higher in the good responders to chemotherapy than in the poor responders: (HR = 4.33; 95% CI; 1.77-10.58) and (HR = 2.90; 95% CI; 1.60-5.27. The overall survival and event-free rates were different between patients with and without metastasis at diagnosis: (HR = 2.13; 95% CI; 0.97-4.72) and (HR = 2.07; (95% CI; 1.10-3.90. Conclusion: Osteosarcoma can be treated with chemotherapy without high methotrexate doses to achieve moderately effective survival rates comparable with those in developed countries.

Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad comparativas del mesna para la prevención de cistitis hemorrágica, en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a quimioterapia con oxazofosfamidas / Evaluation of comparative effectiveness and safety of mesna for the prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis in patients with cancer undergoing oxazophosphamide chemotherapy

Introducción: la cistitis hemorrágica es una complicación frecuente en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a quimioterapia con ciclofosfamida o isofosfamida. Entre las opciones para prevenir esta complicación está el mesna. Esta evaluación de tecnología se desarrolló para informar la toma de decisiones en el marco de la actualización integral del Plan Obligatorio de Salud para Colombia. Objetivo: examinar la efectividad y seguridad comparativas del mesna para la prevención de cistitis hemorrágica, en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a quimioterapia con oxazofosfamidas. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects y LILACS. La tamización de referencias se realizó por dos revisores de forma independiente y la selección de estudios fue hecha por un revisor, aplicando los criterios de elegibilidad predefinidos en el protocolo de la evaluación. La calidad de las revisiones sistemáticas se valoró con la herramienta AMSTAR. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de las estimaciones del efecto para las comparaciones y desenlaces de interés. Resultados: los hallazgos de efectividad y seguridad de la presente evaluación se basan en una revisión narrativa y diez ensayos clínicos cabeza a cabeza, nueve de ellos aleatorizados, para un total aproximado de 787 pacientes. Se identificó evidencia de los efectos del mesna comparado con diuresis forzada, irrigación vesical continua, N-acetilcisteína, placebo y no mesna para una variedad de desenlaces incluyendo, cistitis hemorrágica, microhematuria, macrohematuria, hematuria de diferentes grados y eventos adversos específicos. La evidencia disponible corresponde principalmente a adultos con cáncer de pulmón, leucemias, linfoma no Hodgkin, enfermedad de Hodgkin, cáncer de mama y sarcomas, tratados con ifosfamida o ciclofosfamida y sometidos a trasplante de médula ósea. También se presentan los eventos adversos reportados en la etapa post-clínica con el uso del mesna. Conclusiones: la evidencia identificada en esta evaluación de tecnología, muestra efectos mixtos en la efectividad y seguridad del mesna para la prevención de cistitis hemorrágica, en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a quimioterapia con oxazofosfamidas: algunos resultados de efectividad demuestran que este medicamento es superior a sus comparadores y para otros desenlaces resulta similar. Respecto a su seguridad, algunos datos indican que esta tecnología no representa diferencias frente a sus alternativas y en otros efectos muestra ser inferior. A juicio de los expertos clínicos y representantes de los pacientes, el mesna tiene una relación favorable entre los beneficios y riesgos, esto sugiere que los efectos deseables con el uso de esta tecnología superan a los efectos indeseables.(AU)

Utilización de terapias complementarias y alternativas en niños con cáncer / Use of complementary and alternative therapies in children with cancer

Objetivo Determinar frecuencia, características y factores asociados al uso de terapias complementarias y alternativas en pacientes pediátricos en Colombia. Métodos Estudio transversal aplicando una encuesta a 398 cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en Bogotá, Colombia. Se registró información sociodemográfica y clínica, se evaluó el tipo de terapia, mecanismos de acción propuestos y patrones de uso. Con regresión logística se evaluaron factores asociados con el uso de estas terapias. Resultados Todos los casos correspondieron a terapias complementarias para curar o controlar síntomas de la enfermedad o del tratamiento. Un 81,9 % de los pacientes (IC95 %: 77,8% a 85,6 %) había recibido algún tipo de 81 diferentes modalidades utilizadas. Lo más utilizado fueron las terapias basadas biológicamente (especialmente jugos de frutos rojos). Quienes más frecuentemente usaron estas terapias fueron mujeres con mayor nivel educativo. El tiempo desde el diagnóstico y haber recibido tratamiento quirúrgico también se asoció con el uso de estas terapias. El mecanismo de acción más frecuentemente atribuido fue el refuerzo inmunológico. Conclusión Se encontró alta prevalencia de uso de terapias complementarias. Los pediatras deberían explorar en los pacientes el uso de estas terapias dado el potencial de interacciones con tratamientos farmacológicos o efectos adversos.(AU)

Objective To determine the frequency, characteristics and related factors for the use of complementary and alternative therapies in pediatric patients with cancer in a Colombian pediatric oncology department. Methods: Cross-sectional study consisting of a survey of 398 caregivers of pediatrics patients with cancer evaluated in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá, Colombia. The survey collected sociodemographic and clinical information and evaluated the type of complementary and alternative therapies, mechanisms of action, and patterns of use of these treatments. Logistic regression was conducted to identify predictors of complementary and alternative therapies use. Results In this study complementary therapies were used not as a substitute but in addition to conventional treatments to cure or to control the disease or to treat symptoms. A total of 326 patients (81.9 %, CI95 %: 77.8 % to 85.6 %) had received some type of complementary therapy and 81 different types of therapies were used. The most common type of complementary therapy corresponded to the group of biologically based therapies (mainly berry juices). Female family caregivers with higher educational status were more likely to use complementary therapies. Time from diagnosis and having received surgical treatment were also associated with the use of therapies. Reinforcement of the immune system appears to be the most likely mechanism of action. Conclusion A high prevalence of use of complementary therapies was found in this sample. Pediatricians need to ask their patients about complementary and alternative therapy practices considering the potential for interactions with pharmacological treatments or adverse effects.(AU)

Caracterización de los pacientes de una Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico exclusivamente oncológica / Characterization of the patients in an exclusively oncology Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objetivo: La ley colombiana en 2010 propone disminuir la mortalidad por cáncer en menores de 18 años. El Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en respuesta, crea la primera Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico para paciente oncológico en el país. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las características demográficas y patológicas de los pacientes atendidos en esta unidad desde octubre de 2011 hasta junio de 2013. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo, que incluyó todos los pacientes menores de 18 años de edad, con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de cáncer. Se reportaron sus diagnósticos y características demográficas, y se describió la mortalidad encontrada. Resultados: Se describieron 261 ingresos con 201 pacientes, 53% de sexo femenino, con una mediana de edad de 7 años. La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 6 días. La frecuencia de la mortalidad fue 32 pacientes (15,9%), la mayoría de ellos por disfunción multiorgánica en relación con choque séptico. Se observó una frecuencia alta de ventilación mecánica invasiva, uso de vasoactivos, terapias de reemplazo renal y diagnóstico infeccioso en los pacientes que fallecieron. Conclusiones: Se concluyó que el comportamiento de los pacientes del estudio se asemeja a lo reportado en la literatura, excepto que en este caso las infecciones se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en los casos de mortalidad, por lo cual se hace importante explorar los condicionantes de esto en estudios futuros.

Objective: In 2010, Colombian law aimed to lower cancer mortality in children under the age of 18 years. The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in response to this law, created the first Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in the country exclusively for pediatric cancer patients. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and pathological characteristics of patients in this unit from October 2011 to June 2013. Methods: This was a prospective observational descriptive study. It included all patients under 18 years of age with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of cancer. Their demographic characteristics and diagnoses were recorded, as well as the mortality. Results: The results showed 261 admissions in 201 patients, of whom 53% were female, and with a median age of 7 years. The mean hospital stay was 6 days. The number of deaths in the PICU was 32 patients (15.9%). The majority of them died with multiple organ dysfunctions or in septic shock. A higher frequency was found in the use of invasive mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, renal replacement therapies, and with more infections and readmissions among the mortality cases. Conclusions: In summary, the behavior found in this cohort of patients was similar to that reported in the literature, except that in this case having an infectious diagnosis was more frequent than that previously reported among the mortality cases. It is important to determine the reasons for this relationship in future studies.

A strategy to improve treatment-related mortality and abandonment of therapy for childhood ALL in a developing country reveals the impact of treatment delays.

BACKGROUND: Treatment-related mortality and abandonment of therapy are major barriers to successful treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the developing world. PROCEDURE: A collaboration was undertaken between Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (Bogota, Colombia), which serves a poor patient population in an upper-middle income country, and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center (Boston, USA). Several interventions aimed at reducing toxic deaths and abandonment were implemented, including a reduced-intensity treatment regimen and a psychosocial effort targeting abandonment. We performed a cohort study to assess impact. RESULTS: The Study Population comprised 99 children with ALL diagnosed between 2007 and 2010, and the Historic Cohort comprised 181 children treated prior to the study interventions (1995-2004). Significant improvements were achieved in the rate of deaths in complete remission (13% to 3%; P = 0.005), abandonment (32% to 9%; P < 0.001), and event-free survival with abandonment considered an event (47% to 65% at 2 years; P = 0.016). However, relapse rate did not improve. Medically unnecessary treatment delays were common, and landmark analysis revealed that initiating the PIII phase of therapy ≥4 weeks delayed predicted markedly inferior disease-free survival (P = 0.016). Conversely, patients who received therapy without excessive delays had outcomes approaching those achieved in high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a twinning program was followed by reductions in abandonment and toxic deaths, but relapse rate did not improve. Inappropriate treatment delays were common and strongly predicted treatment failure. These findings highlight the importance of adherence to treatment schedule for effective therapy of ALL.