Photodynamic inactivation of biofilms formed by Candida spp., Trichosporon mucoides, and Kodamaea ohmeri by cationic nanoemulsion of zinc 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(phenylthio)-29H, 31H-phthalocyanine (ZnPc).

The biofilms formed by opportunistic yeasts serve as a persistent reservoir of infection and impair the treatment of fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of biofilms formed by Candida spp. and the emerging pathogens Trichosporon mucoides and Kodamaea ohmeri by a cationic nanoemulsion of zinc 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(phenylthio)-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Biofilms formed by yeasts after 48 h in the bottom of 96-well microtiter plates were treated with the photosensitizer (ZnPc) and a GaAlAs laser (26.3 J cm(-2)). The biofilm cells were scraped off the well wall, homogenized, and seeded onto Sabouraud dextrose agar plates that were then incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Efficient PDI of biofilms was verified by counting colony-forming units (CFU/ml), and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). All biofilms studied were susceptible to PDI with statistically significant differences. The strains of Candida genus were more resistant to PDI than emerging pathogens T. mucoides and K. ohmeri. A mean reduction of 0.45 log was achieved for Candida spp. biofilms, and a reduction of 0.85 and 0.84, were achieved for biofilms formed by T. mucoides and K. ohmeri, respectively. Therefore, PDI by treatment with nanostructured formulations cationic zinc 2,9,16,23- tetrakis (phenylthio)- 29H, 31H- phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and a laser reduced the number of cells in the biofilms formed by strains of C. albicans and non-Candida albicans as well the emerging pathogens T. mucoides and K. ohmeri.

Sindrome da Emancipacao da AIDS: Revisao de Literatura / Aids Wasting syndrome: Review of Literature

A sindrome de emaciacao e definida como uma profunda e involuntaria perda de peso maior do que 10(porcento) da linha de base na presenca de diarreia cronica ( no minimo dois episodios por dia por mais de 30 dias), fraqueza cronica e febre documentada (por mais de 30 dias, intermitente ou constante) que nao seja atribuida a condicao que nao a infeccao pelo virus da imunodeficiencia adquirida humana por si. Esta afeccao nao e caracterizada por um unico evento patofisiologico, mas por uma variedade de processos que atuam em situacoes diferentes. Alteracoes nos hormonios, taxa de metabolismo basal e producao de citocinas pro-inflamatorias que causam caquexia, podem contribuir para a emaciacao em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Apesar da sua complexidade, esta sindrome pode ser controlada. Varias estrategias estao sendo investigadas, incluindo terapia antiretroviral de alta potencia, uso de hormonios esteroides anabolizantes, hormonio do crescimento, estimulantes do apetite, antagonistas das citocinas entre outros