Transcriptomic investigation unveils the role of energy metabolism under low phosphorus and salt combined stress in soybean (Glycine max).

Soybean (Glycine max) is economically significant, but the mechanisms underlying its adaptation to simultaneous low phosphorus and salt stresses are unclear. We employed the Shennong 94-1-8 soybean germplasm to conduct a comprehensive analysis, integrating both physiochemical and transcriptomic approaches, to unravel the response mechanisms of soybean when subjected to simultaneous low phosphorus and salt stresses. Remarkably, the combined stress exhibited the most pronounced impact on the soybean root system, which led to a substantial reduction in total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble protein (TSP) within the plants under this treatment. A total of 20,953 differentially expressed genes were identified through pairwise comparisons. Heatmap analysis of genes related to energy metabolism pathways demonstrated a significant down-regulation in expression under salt and low phosphorus + salt treatments, while low phosphorus treatment did not exhibit similar expression trends. Furthermore, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that the blue module had a strong positive correlation with TSS and TSP. Notably, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase 1, FCS-Like Zinc finger 8, auxin response factor 18 isoform X2, and NADP-dependent malic enzyme emerged as hub genes associated with energy metabolism. In summary, our findings indicate that soybean roots are more adversely affected by salt and combined stress than by low phosphorus alone due to reduced activity in energy metabolism-related pathways and hub genes. These results offer novel insights into the adaptive mechanisms of soybeans when facing the combined stress of low phosphorus and salinity.

Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analysis of two salt-tolerant soybean germplasms response to low phosphorus stress: role of phosphorus uptake and antioxidant capacity.

BACKGROUND: Phosphorus (P) and salt stress are common abiotic stressors that limit crop growth and development, but the response mechanism of soybean to low phosphorus (LP) and salt (S) combined stress remains unclear. RESULTS: In this study, two soybean germplasms with similar salt tolerance but contrasting P-efficiency, A74 (salt-tolerant and P-efficient) and A6 (salt-tolerant and P-inefficient), were selected as materials. By combining physiochemical and transcriptional analysis, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which soybean maintains high P-efficiency under salt stress. In total, 14,075 differentially expressed genes were identified through pairwise comparison. PageMan analysis subsequently revealed several significantly enriched categories in the LP vs. control (CK) or low phosphorus + salt (LPS) vs. S comparative combination when compared to A6, in the case of A74. These categories included genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport, secondary metabolism, stress, misc, transcription factors and transport. Additionally, weighted correlation network analysis identified two modules that were highly correlated with acid phosphatase and antioxidant enzyme activity. Citrate synthase gene (CS), acyl-coenzyme A oxidase4 gene (ACX), cytokinin dehydrogenase 7 gene (CKXs), and two-component response regulator ARR2 gene (ARR2) were identified as the most central hub genes in these two modules. CONCLUSION: In summary, we have pinpointed the gene categories responsible for the LP response variations between the two salt-tolerant germplasms, which are mainly related to antioxidant, and P uptake process. Further, the discovery of the hub genes layed the foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of salt-tolerant and P-efficient in soybean.

Effects of continuous cropping on fungal community diversity and soil metabolites in soybean roots.

IMPORTANCE: Soybean yield can be affected by soybean soil fungal communities in different tillage patterns. Soybean is an important food crop with great significance worldwide. Continuous cultivation resulted in soil nutrient deficiencies, disordered metabolism of root exudates, fungal pathogen accumulation, and an altered microbial community, which brought a drop in soybean output. In this study, taking the soybean agroecosystem in northeast China, we revealed the microbial ecology and soil metabolites spectrum, especially the diversity and composition of soil fungi and the correlation of pathogenic fungi, and discussed the mechanisms and the measures of alleviating the obstacles.

Continuous-cropping-tolerant soybean cultivars alleviate continuous cropping obstacles by improving structure and function of rhizosphere microorganisms.

Introduction: Soybean continuous cropping will change soil microorganisms and cause continuous cropping obstacles, resulting in a significant yield decline. Different soybean cultivars have different tolerances to continuous cropping, but the relationship between continuous cropping tolerance and soil microorganisms is not clear. Methods: Two soybean cultivars with different tolerances to continuous cropping were used to study the effects of continuous cropping on soil physical and chemical properties, nitrogen and phosphorus cyclic enzyme activities, rhizosphere soil microbial community and function. Results: The results showed that the yield reduction rate of a continuous-cropping-tolerant cultivar (L14) was lower than that of a continuous-cropping-sensitive cultivar (L10) under continuous cropping. At R1 and R6 growth stages, soil nutrient content (NH4 +-N, NO3 --N, AP, DOM, TK, and pH), nitrogen cycling enzyme (URE, NAG, LAP) activities, phosphorus cycling enzyme (ALP, NPA, ACP) activities, copy numbers of nitrogen functional genes (AOA, AOB, nirK, nirK) and phosphorus functional genes (phoA, phoB) in L14 were higher than those in L10. Soybean cultivar was an important factor affecting the structure and functional structure of bacterial community under continuous cropping. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Acidobacteriota and Verrucomicrobiota with L14 were significantly higher than those of L10. The complexity of the soil bacterial community co-occurrence network in L14 was higher than that in L10. Discussion: The continuous-cropping-tolerant soybean cultivar recruited more beneficial bacteria, changed the structure and function of microbial community, improved soil nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, and reduced the impact of continuous cropping obstacles on grain yield.

Comparision of Mechanical Thrombectomy With Contact Aspiration or Stent Retriever in Patients With Large-vessel Occlusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Whether the direct aspiration approach of thrombectomy for recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke has a similar efficacy and safety compared to the stent-retriever still remains uncertain. METHODS: A retrospective data analysis was performed to identify patients with large cerebral artery acute ischemic stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy. The study was conducted between January 2018 and December 2019 in a single stroke center. RESULTS: Twenty patients met inclusion criteria for this study with a mean age 66.64 ±â€Š17.92 years' old. The symptom occurred on the left side were in 13, and the right side in 7. The location of occlusion was 8 in M1 of the middle cerebral artery of M2, and 6 in internal carotid artery. Nine patients were randomized to first-line treatment with contact aspiration and eleven to first-line treatment with a stent retriever. The mean time from admission time to groin puncture was 55.51 ±â€Š31.03 minutes. The average time from groin puncture to maximal revascularizion after mechanical thrombectomy was 50.9 ±â€Š22.5 minutes in contact aspiration group, but this time was 71.37 ±â€Š25.45 minutes in the group of stent retriever. The overall successful revascularization rate (TICI 2b-3) was 88.9% in contact aspiration (TICI2a = 1, TICI 2b = 4 patients, TICI 3 = 4 patients), and 90.1% in stent retriever (TICI2a = 1, TICI 2b = 6 patients, TICI 3 = 4 patients). DISCUSSION: First-line thrombectomy with contact aspiration did not result in a higher successful revascularization rate at the end of the procedure but had a short time from groin puncture to maximal revascularizion.

PEG@ZIF-8/PVDF Nanocomposite Membrane for Efficient Pervaporation Desulfurization via a Layer-by-Layer Technology.

The desulfurization property of conventional mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) cannot meet the necessary demand due to particles aggregation and interface defects. Here, we put forward a layer-by-layer (LBL) approach to make a novel PEG@ZIF-8/poly(vinylidene difluoride)(PVDF) composite membrane for pervaporation desulfurization. In this way, a ZIF-8 layer is covered on the surface of the PVDF porous membrane via an in situ growth method. Then, a PEG layer is covered on the ZIF-8 layer by a casting method. Compared with pristine PEG membranes, the separation performance of the ZIF-8@PEG/PVDF nanocomposite membrane increased significantly. This can be attributed to the homogeneous ZIF-8 particle layer and better compatibility between the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) matrix and ZIF-8 particles. The membrane achieves a maximum total flux of 3.08 kg·m-2·h-1 at the third in situ growth cycles of ZIF-8 particles and a maximum sulfur enrichment factor of 7.6 at the sixth in situ growth cycles of ZIF-8 particles.