Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Factor VIII Inhibitor-Positive Patients with Severe Hemophilia A: A Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate different peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe hemophilia A (HA) and factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor production. For this, age-matched cases of 19 FVIII inhibitor-positive (IP), 21 FVIII inhibitor-negative (IN) and 45 healthy controls were selected for study. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to analyze the peripheral lymphocyte subsets, including T, B, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. The T cell subsets included CD3 + CD4-CD8- [double negative T (DNT)], CD3 + CD4 + CD8+ [double-positive T (DPT)], CD3 + CD4 + CD8- and CD3 + CD4-CD8+ T cells. Pairwise comparisons of absolute lymphocyte subset values were conducted among the three groups. The cut-off value for absolute lymphocyte counts was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the absolute values of DPT cells in the IN and IP groups were significantly lower than those in the healthy control group (P = 0.007). The DNT values were also lower in severe HA patients with or without inhibitor than those in healthy subjects, but these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.053). In addition, the absolute value of CD4+ Th cells in the IP group was lower than that in the healthy controls (P = 0.013). Although not statistically significant (P = 0.064), the absolute values of NKT cells were higher in the IN group compared with the IP group, and higher in the IP group compared with the healthy control group. There were no statistically significant differences in total T, B, CD8 + and NK cells among the IN, IP and healthy control groups. The cut-off value for absolute CD4+ Th cells in the IN group was < 598/µl. CONCLUSION: The decrease in absolute values of CD4+ Th cells in severe HA patients may contribute to the establishment of infused FVIII immune tolerance. If the CD4+ Th value remains > 598/µl, clinicians should be vigilant for possible FVIII inhibitor production, especially on days prior to FVIII exposure.

Rapid Identification of Drug Mechanisms with Deep Learning-Based Multichannel Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Rapid identification of drug mechanisms is vital to the development and effective use of chemotherapeutics. Herein, we develop a multichannel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor array and apply deep learning approaches to realize the rapid identification of the mechanisms of various chemotherapeutic drugs. By implementing a series of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with varied molecular characteristics to promote heterogeneous physicochemical interactions at the interfaces, the sensor can generate diversified SERS signatures for directly high-dimensionality fingerprinting drug-induced molecular changes in cells. We further train the convolutional neural network model on the multidimensional SAM-modulated SERS data set and achieve a discriminatory accuracy toward 99%. We expect that such a platform will contribute to expanding the toolbox for drug screening and characterization and facilitate the drug development process.

Improved diagnostic yield of peripheral pulmonary malignant lesions with emphysema using a combination of radial endobronchial ultrasonography and rapid on-site evaluation.

BACKGROUND: This is a retrospective cohort study from a single center of Chest Medical District of Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, China. It was aim to evaluate the diagnostic value of radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) combination with rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) guided transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) for peripheral pulmonary lesions in patients with emphysema. METHODS: All 170 patients who underwent PPLs with emphysema received an R-EBUS examination with or without the ROSE procedure, and the diagnostic yield, safety, and possible factors influencing diagnosis were analyzed between the two groups by the SPSS 25.0 software. RESULTS: The pooled and benign diagnostic yields were not different in the two groups (P = 0.224, 0.924), but the diagnostic yield of malignant PPLs was significantly higher in the group with ROSE than the group without ROSE (P = 0.042). The sensitivity of ROSE was 79.10%, the specificity, 91.67%, the positive predictive value, 98.15%, and the negative predictive value, 84.62%. The diagnostic accuracy, was 95.52%. In the group of R-EBUS + ROSE, the procedural time and the number of times of biopsy or brushing were both significantly reduced (all P<0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax (1.20%) and bleeding (10.84%) in the group of R-EBUS + ROSE were also less than those in the group of R-EBUS (P<0.05). The lesion's diameter ≥ 2 cm, the distance between the pleura and the lesion ≥ 2 cm, the positive air bronchograms sign, the location of the ultrasound probe within the lesion, and the even echo with clear margin feature of lesion ultrasonic image, these factors are possibly relevant to a higher diagnostic yield. The diagnostic yield of PPLs those were adjacent to emphysema were lower than those PPLs which were away from emphysema (P = 0.048) in the group without ROSE, however, in the group of R-EBUS + ROSE, there was no such difference whether the lesion is adjacent to emphysema or not (P = 0.236). CONCLUSION: Our study found that the combination of R-EBUS and ROSE during bronchoscopy procedure was a safe and effective modality to improve diagnostic yield of PPLs with emphysema, especially for malignant PPLs. The distance between the pleura and the lesion ≥ 2 cm, the positive air bronchograms sign, the location of the ultrasound probe within the lesion, and the even echo with clear margin feature of lesion ultrasonic image, these factors possibly indicated a higher diagnostic yield. Those lesions' position is adjacent to emphysema may reduce diagnostic yield but ROSE may make up for this deficiency.

An Integrated Micro-Heating System for On-Chip Isothermal Amplification of African Swine Fever Virus Genes.

The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is widely used in the laboratory to facilitate rapid DNA or RNA detection with a streamlined operational process, whose properties are greatly dependent on the uniformity and rise rate of temperature in the reaction chambers and the design of the primers. This paper introduces a planar micro-heater equipped with an embedded micro-temperature sensor to realize temperature tunability at a low energy cost. Moreover, a control system, based on the Wheatstone bridge and proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control, is designed to measure and adjust the temperature of the micro-heater. The maximum temperature rise rate of the designed micro-heater is ≈8 °C s-1, and it only takes ≈60 s to reach the target temperature. Furthermore, a designed plasmid, containing the B646L gene of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), and a set of specific primers, are used to combine with the designed micro-heating system to implement the LAMP reaction. Finally, the lateral flow assay is used to interpret the amplification results visually. This method can achieve highly sensitive and efficient detection of ASFV within 40 min. The sensitivity of this on-chip gene detection method is 8.4 copies per reaction, holding great potential for applications in DNA and RNA amplification.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production in Pine Nut Oil: A Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-01 Fermentation Approach.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a class of bioactive fatty acids that exhibit various physiological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerosis, and lipid-lowering. It is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from dietary sources. The natural sources of CLA are limited, predominantly relying on chemical and enzymatic syntheses methods. Microbial biosynthesis represents an environmentally benign approach for CLA production. Pine nut oil, containing 40-60% linoleic acid, serves as a promising substrate for CLA enrichment. In the present study, we developed a novel method for the production of CLA from pine nut oil using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) Lp-01, which harbors a linoleic acid isomerase. The optimal fermentation parameters for CLA production were determined using a combination of single-factor and response surface methodologies: an inoculum size of 2%, a fermentation temperature of 36 °C, a fermentation time of 20 h, and a pine nut oil concentration of 11%. Under these optimized conditions, the resultant CLA yield was 33.47 µg/mL. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the fermentation process yielded a mixture of c9, t11CLA and t10, c12 CLA isomers, representing 4.91% and 4.86% of the total fatty acid content, respectively.

Transcriptomic profiling and discovery of key transcription factors involved in adventitious roots formation from root cuttings of mulberry.

ARs plays a crucial role in plant morphogenesis and development. The limited and inefficient rooting of scions poses a significant challenge to the efficiency and quality of clonal propagation of forest trees in silvicultural practices. Building on previous research conducted by our team, we found that applying IBA at a concentration of 1000 mg/L significantly enhanced mulberry rooting. This study aims to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect by analyzing RNA sequencing data from mulberry phloem before and after treatment with IBA over time intervals of 10, 20, 30, and 40 days. We identified 5226 DEGs, which were then classified into GO terms and KEGG pathways, showing significant enrichment in hormone signaling processes. Using WGCNA, we identified eight co-expression modules, two of which were significantly correlated with the IBA treatment. Additionally, 18 transcription factors that potentially facilitate ARs formation in mulberry were identified, and an exploratory analysis on the cis-regulatory elements associated with these transcription factors was conducted. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of ARs in mulberry and offer theoretical support for the discovery and utilization of exceptional genetic resources within the species.

High peripheral neutrophil and monocyte count distinguishes renal cell carcinoma from renal angiomyolipoma and predicts poor prognosis of renal cell carcinoma.

Background: The presence of peripheral inflammatory cells has been linked to the prognosis of cancer. This study aims to investigate the distinct roles of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and absolute monocyte count (AMC) in differentiating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from renal angiomyolipoma (RAML), as well as their prognostic significance in RCC. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of peripheral immune cell data, clinicopathological data, and tumor characteristics in patients diagnosed with RCC or RAML from January 2015 to December 2021. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, as well as univariate and multivariate analyses, were employed to assess the diagnostic utility of AMC and ANC in differentiating between RCC and RAML. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis was used to study the survival of RCC patients with different AMC and ANC. The prognostic value of AMC and ANC in RCC was investigated using COX univariate and multivariate analysis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were used for bioinformatic correlation analysis. Results: A total of 1120 eligible patients were included in the study. The mean preoperative AMC and ANC in patients with RCC were found to be significantly higher compared to those in patients with RAML (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). High preoperative AMC and ANC significantly correlated with smoking history, tumor length, gross hematuria, and high T Stage, N stage, and pathological grade. In multivariate analyses, an ANC> 3.205 *10^9/L was identified to be independently associated with the presence of RCC (HR = 1.618, P = 0.008). High AMC and ANC were significantly associated with reduced OS and PFS (P < 0.05), and ANC may be an independent prognostic factor. Public database analysis showed that signature genes of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) were highly expressed in ccRCC. Conclusions: Elevated preoperative ANC and AMC can distinguish RCC from RAML and predict poor prognosis in patients with RCC. Furthermore, the signature genes of TAMs and TANs exhibit high expression levels in clear cell RCC.

Acquisition of 2C-like totipotency through defined maternal-effect factors.

Fully grown oocytes have the natural ability to transform 2 terminally differentiated gametes into a totipotent zygote representing the acquisition of totipotency. This process wholly depends on maternal-effect factors (MFs). MFs stored in the eggs are therefore likely to be able to induce cellular reprogramming to a totipotency state. Here we report the generation of totipotent-like stem cells from mESCs using 4MFs Hsf1, Zar1, Padi6, and Npm2, designated as MFiTLSCs. MFiTLSCs exhibited a unique and inherent capability to differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic derivatives. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that MFiTLSCs are enriched with 2-cell-specific genes that appear to synergistically induce a transcriptional repressive state, in that parental genomes are remodeled to a poised transcriptional repression state while totipotency is established following fertilization. This method to derive MFiTLSCs could help advance the understanding of fate determinations of totipotent stem cells in a physiological context and establish a foundation for the development of oocyte biology-based reprogramming technology.

Percutaneous kyphoplasty with or without posterior pedicle screw fixation for the management of severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with nonunion.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the radiographic outcomes, clinical outcomes and complications of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) with and without posterior pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) in the treatment of severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (sOVCF) with nonunion. METHODS: This study involved 51 patients with sOVCF with nonunion who underwent PKP or PPSF + KP. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, volume of injected bone cement, operation costs and hospital stays were all recorded. In addition, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were assessed separately for each patient before and after surgery. RESULTS: Compared with the PPSF + KP group, the PKP group had shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, shorter hospital stays and fewer operation costs. However, cobb's angle improvement (13.4 ± 4.3° vs. 21.4 ± 5.3°), VWR improvement ratio (30.4 ± 11.5% vs. 52.8 ± 12.7%), HA (34.9 ± 9.0% vs. 63.7 ± 7.6%) and HM (28.4 ± 11.2% vs. 49.6 ± 7.7%) improvement ratio were all higher in PPSF + KP group than that in PKP group. In addition, the ODI index and VAS score in both groups were significantly decreased at the postoperative and final follow-up. PKP group's postoperative VAS score was significantly lower than that in PPSF + KP group, but there was no statistically significant difference in VAS score at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: PKP and PPSF + KP can both effectively relieve the pain associated with sOVCF with nonunion. PPSF + KP can achieve more satisfactory vertebral reduction effects compared to PKP. However, PKP was less invasive and it has more advantages in shortening operation time and hospital stay, as well as decreasing intraoperative blood loss and operation costs.

Equisetin inhibits adiposity through AMPK-dependent regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation.

Obesity has a significant impact on endocrine function, which leads to metabolic diseases including diabetes, insulin resistance, and other complications associated with obesity. Development of effective and safe anti-obesity drugs is imperative and necessary. Equisetin (EQST), a tetramate-containing marine fungal product, was reported to inhibit bacterial fatty acid synthesis and affect mitochondrial metabolism. It is tempting to speculate that EQST might have anti-obesity effects. This study was designed to explore anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanism of EQST on 3T3-L1 adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining showed that EQST reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed that EQST significantly inhibited expression of adipogenesis/lipogenesis-related genes C/ebp-α, Ppar-γ, Srebp1c, Fas, and reduced protein levels. There was also increased expression of key genes and protein levels involved in lipolysis (Perilipin, Atgl, Hsl), brown adipocyte differentiation (Prdm16, Ucp1), mitochondrial biogenesis (Pgc1α, Tfam) and ß-oxidation Acsl1, Cpt1. Moreover, mitochondrial content, their membrane potential ΔΨM, and respiratory chain genes Mt-Co1, Cox7a1, Cox8b, and Cox4 (and protein) exhibited marked increase in expression upon EQST treatment, along with increased protein levels. Importantly, EQST induced expression and activation of AMPK, which was compromised by the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin, leading to rescue of EQST-downregulated Fas expression and a reduction of the EQST-increased expression of Pgc1α, Ucp1, and Cox4. Together, EQST robustly promotes fat clearance through the AMPK pathway, these results supporting EQST as a strong candidate for the development into an anti-obesity therapeutic agent.

C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 inhibition promotes the effect of plantamajoside in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and, more than half of these cases are diagnosed in China. However, effective treatment for HCC is still limited. MATERIAL AND METHODS: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) was first activated and inhibited in HepG2 cells using a pharmacological method. HepG2 cell proliferation was detected using the CCK-8 method. Metastasis and apoptosis of HepG2 cells were detected using wound healing and flow cytometry. The expression of each target molecule related to metastasis and invasion, such as MMPs, E-cadherin and the PI3K/AKT/Mcl-1/PARP signaling pathway was detected by western blotting. The secretion of molecular metastases was detected using competitive ELISA. RESULTS: This study constructed a CXCR4 activation and inhibition model in HepG2 cells. CXCR4 inhibition promoted the inhibitory effect of plantamajoside on the proliferation and metastasis of cells, which led to apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was increased after treatment with plantamajoside combined with CXCR4 inhibition. In addition, the expression and secretion of pro-metastatic proteins, including MMPs and E-cadherin were decreased. We also noticed that this effect might be mediated by the PI3K/AKT/Mcl-1/PARP signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: CXCR4 inhibition may contribute to the treatment of HCC. Inhibition of CXCR4 expression contributes to the therapeutic effect of plantamajoside; the effect of plantamajoside might be mediated by the PI3K/AKT/Mcl-1/PARP signaling pathway; and CXCR4 might be a therapeutic target of HCC.

In vitro antioxidant activity evaluation of pine nut peptides (Pinus koraiensis) fermented by Bacillus subtilis LS-45.

In this study, we utilized the remarkable capabilities of Bacillus subtilis ls-45 during the fermentation process to generate pine nut peptide. Through gene sequencing, we confirmed the proficiency of Bacillus subtilis ls-45 in producing protease, thereby serving as a valuable enzymatic source for protein hydrolysis. Our investigation focused on examining the variations in amino acid types and quantities between enzymatic pine nut protein peptide (EPP) and fermented pine nut protein polypeptide (FPP). Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the in vitro antioxidant activities of EPP and FPP, encompassing measurements of their Hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, Total reducing capacity, Superoxide anion scavenging rate, and ABTS+ radical scavenging rate. Notably, FPP exhibited superior antioxidant capacity compared to EPP. By employing semi-inhibitory mass concentration (IC50) analysis, we determined that FPP displayed enhanced efficacy in neutralizing hazardous free radicals when compared to EPP.

UVRAG: orchestrating the initiation of reticulophagy.

Reticulophagy is a selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mediated by cargo receptors. It plays a crucial role in ER quality control, yet the mechanisms that initiate reticulophagy remain poorly understood. Our study identified the multifunctional protein UVRAG (UV radiation resistance associated gene) as a novel regulator of reticulophagy. UVRAG interacts with sheet and tubular reticulophagy receptors, regulates the oligomerization of receptors and facilitates their interaction with LC3/GABARAP, critical for ER fragmentation and autophagosome targeting. Remarkably, we found that UVRAG's function in reticulophagy initiation is independent of its traditional role in macroautophagy. Furthermore, UVRAG enhances the degradation of ER-associated mutant proteins linked to diseases like diabetes. Our findings offer insights into the mechanisms of reticulophagy initiation and highlight UVRAG's therapeutic potential in ER-related diseases.

PBRM1 mutation and WDR72 expression as potential combinatorial biomarker for predicting the response to Nivolumab in patients with ccRCC: a tumor marker prognostic study.

PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) provides a new idea for the treatment of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which can bring significant benefits to patients. However, the clinical application of ICT is limited because of the lack of predictive biomarkers to select potential responders. This study aims to propose a new biomarker to predict the response to Nivolumab in patients with ccRCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The genes that significantly improve the prognosis of ccRCC were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The genomic and clinical data were from patients that had been registered in prospective clinical trials (CheckMate 009, CheckMate 010 and CheckMate 025). TCGA, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and The Human Protein Atlas database were used to analyze the gene and protein expression of WD repeat-containing protein 72 (WDR72) in ccRCC. Gene Ontology (GO) & The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to dig relevant mechanisms of WDR72. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was conducted to evaluate the role of WDR72 in immune infiltration. Cell proliferation assay, FAO and ATP quantification were used to explore and verify the molecular mechanisms. The expression of WDR72, FOXP3, CD8, and CPT1A was examined by IHC in 20 advanced ccRCC tissue samples at the Urology Department of our hospital. The MethSurv was used to identify PBRM1 and WDR72 gene methylation and its effect on prognosis of ccRCC. RESULTS: WDR72 is the most significant gene for improving overall survival (OS) in ccRCC. In all three checkmates, OS and progression free survival (PFS) were found to be significantly higher in WDR72 high expression group than that in WDR72 low expression group (P=0.040 and P=0.012, respectively), and similar conclusions could be drawn from the PBRM1-mutation (MUT) compared with the PBRM1-wildtype (WT) (P=0.007 and P=0.006, respectively). What's more, high expression of WDR72 plus PBRM1-MUT as a combinatorial biomarker showed improved OS (HR=0.388, P=0.0026) and PFS (HR=0.39, P=0.0066) compared to low expression of WDR72 plus PBRM1-WT. Functional enrichment analysis showed that WDR72 was closely positively related to fatty acid degradation and fatty acid beta oxidation pathway in ccRCC. In vitro experiments showed that high expression of WDR72 can promote fatty acids oxidation and inhibit the proliferation of ccRCC cells. Immune analysis revealed that WDR72 high expression was associated with decreased infiltration of Treg cells and low ssGSEA score of check-point. IHC results showed that WDR72 was negatively correlated with FOXP3 expression (r=-0.506, P=0.023) and positively correlated with CPT1A expression (r=0.529, P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that high expression of WDR72 may indicate a good prognosis of patients treated with Nivolumab and WDR72 expression combined with PBRM1 mutation could be more persuasive to predict the response for ICT in ccRCC patients.

Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: a system review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Omicron's high transmissibility and variability present new difficulties for COVID-19 vaccination prevention and therapy. In this article, we analyzed the sensitivity of vaccine-induced antibodies as well as the effect of booster vaccinations against Omicron sublineages. METHODS: We looked for Randomized Controlled Trials and cohort studies that reported the COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron sublineages up to 28 July 2022 through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Quantitative synthesis was carried out using Stata 16.0 and RevMa5.3, then the serum NT50 and antibody sensitivity to neutralize Omicron sublineages were assessed before and after booster vaccination. This study was registered with PROSPERO number CRD42022350477. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 2138 patients from 20 studies, and the booster vaccination against Omicron sublineages showed a significant difference compared to 2 dosage: BA.1/BA.1.1 (SMD = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.75-0.85, P = 0.00), BA.2/BA.2.12.1 (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.85, P = 0.00), BA.3 (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-1.0, P = 0.00), and BA.4/5 (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.94, P = 0.00). The sensitivity of vaccines-induced antibodies decreased by at least 5-folds after booster vaccination, particularly in the case of BA.4/5 which had the most notable decline in vaccine effectiveness. CONCLUSION: After the booster vaccination, the NT50 and the neutralization ability of vaccine-induced antibodies increased, but the susceptibility of antibodies decreased compared with the control virus, which may be a clue for future Omicron sublineages prevention.

Advances in the study of B cells in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a non-negligible clinical challenge for clinicians in surgeries such as renal transplantation. Functional loss of renal tubular epithelial cell (TEC) in IRI leads to the development of acute kidney injury, delayed graft function (DGF), and allograft rejection. The available evidence indicates that cellular oxidative stress, cell death, microvascular dysfunction, and immune response play an important role in the pathogenesis of IRI. A variety of immune cells, including macrophages and T cells, are actively involved in the progression of IRI in the immune response. The role of B cells in IRI has been relatively less studied, but there is a growing body of evidence for the involvement of B cells, which involve in the development of IRI through innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses, and negative immune regulation. Therefore, therapies targeting B cells may be a potential direction to mitigate IRI. In this review, we summarize the current state of research on the role of B cells in IRI, explore the potential effects of different B cell subsets in the pathogenesis of IRI, and discuss possible targets of B cells for therapeutic aim in renal IRI.

Role of Exosomal Non-Coding RNA in the Tumour Microenvironment of Genitourinary System Tumours.

In recent years, genitourinary system tumors are common in people of all ages, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients, the pathogenesis and treatment of these diseases are constantly being updated and improved. Exosomes, with a lipid bilayer that enable delivery of their contents into body fluids or other cells. Exosomes can regulate the tumor microenvironment, and play an important role in tumor development. In turn, cellular and non-cellular components of tumor microenvironment also affect the occurrence, progression, invasion and metastasis of tumor. Non-coding RNAs have been shown to be able to be ingested and released by exosomes, and are seen as a potential tool in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here, we summarize the effect of non-coding RNAs of exosome contents on the tumor microenvironment of genitourinary system tumor, expound the significance of non-coding RNAs of exosome in the occurrence, development, diagnosis and treatment of cancers.

Theoretical Investigation on the Metamaterials Based on the Magnetic Template-Assisted Self-Assembly of Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Adjustable Photonic Responses.

The assembly of artificial nano- or microstructured materials with tunable functionalities and structures, mimicking nature's complexity, holds great potential for numerous novel applications. Despite remarkable progress in synthesizing colloidal molecules with diverse functionalities, most current methods, such as the capillarity-assisted particle assembly method, the ionic assembly method based on ionic interactions, or the field-directed assembly strategy based on dipole-dipole interactions, are confined to focusing on achieving symmetrical molecules. But there have been few examples of fabricating asymmetrical colloidal molecules that could exhibit unprecedented optical properties. Here, we introduce a microfluidic and magnetic template-assisted self-assembly protocol that relies mainly on the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions between magnetized magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles and the mechanical constraints resulting from the specially designed traps. This novel strategy not only requires no specific chemistry but also enables magnetophoretic control of magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles during the assembly process. Moreover, the assembled asymmetrical colloidal molecules also exhibit interesting hybridized plasmon modes and produce exotic optical properties due to the strong coupling of the individual nanoparticle. The ability to fabricate asymmetrical colloidal molecules based on the bottom-up method opens up a new direction for the fabrication of novel microscale structures for biosensing, patterning, and delivery applications.

UVRAG cooperates with cargo receptors to assemble the ER-phagy site.

ER-phagy is a selective autophagy process that targets specific regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for removal via lysosomal degradation. During cellular stress induced by starvation, cargo receptors concentrate at distinct ER-phagy sites (ERPHS) to recruit core autophagy proteins and initiate ER-phagy. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for ERPHS formation remains unclear. In our study, we discovered that the autophagy regulator UV radiation Resistance-Associated Gene (UVRAG) plays a crucial role in orchestrating the assembly of ERPHS. Upon starvation, UVRAG localizes to ERPHS and interacts with specific ER-phagy cargo receptors, such as FAM134B, ATL3, and RTN3L. UVRAG regulates the oligomerization of cargo receptors and facilitates the recruitment of Atg8 family proteins. Consequently, UVRAG promotes efficient ERPHS assembly and turnover of both ER sheets and tubules. Importantly, UVRAG-mediated ER-phagy contributes to the clearance of pathogenic proinsulin aggregates. Remarkably, the involvement of UVRAG in ER-phagy initiation is independent of its canonical function as a subunit of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex II.