Natural and anthropogenic dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate: Composition, transformation, and their coexistence characteristics.

A large number of natural and anthropogenic wastes were landfilled, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were formed during landfill. However, the composition, transformation, and coexistence characteristics of natural and anthropogenic DOM in leachate remain unclear. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectrum were employed to clarify comprehensively the abovementioned question. The results showed that natural DOM in young leachate constituted mainly straight-chain organic acids, protein substances, and building blocks of humic substances (BB). Straight-chain organic acids vanished in old leachates, and the concentration of protein substances and BB decreased from 44% to 26% and from 47% to 12%, respectively, while CHON and CHONS were degraded to CHO and CHOS during the process. As to anthropogenic DOM, its types and relative content in leachate increased during landfill, and aromatic acids, terpenes, halogenated organics, indoles, and phenols became the main organic components in old leachate. Compared to natural DOM, anthropogenic DOM was degraded slowly and accumulated in leachate, and some of the natural DOM facilitated the dechlorination of dichlorinated organic compounds. This study demonstrates that landfill led to an increase in humic substances and halogenated organic compounds in old leachate, which was intensified with concentrated leachate recirculation.

Eye movement verification and evaluation of initial sandplay picture system for internet addiction symptoms in Chinese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Sandplay therapy is a psychotherapeutic technique, based on the psychoanalytic theory of the unconscious. Nearly a century after it was developed, sandplay can now be applied for the initial diagnosis tools for sand players. The goal of the current research is to demonstrate the role of sandplay in identifying internet-addicted adolescents in China. The study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity for sandplay as a diagnosis and evaluation tool for internet addiction symptoms, and to verify the consistency that exists between results based on sandplay pictures and those based on the Pathological Internet Usage Scale for Adolescents (APIUS). METHODS: The research was conducted with a 2 × 2 mixed factorial design - two types of participants (addicts and non-addicts) and two types of sandplay pictures (pictures for addicts and pictures for non-addicts). An absolute recognition-judgment paradigm was used along with eye movement evaluations to evaluate the existing initial sandplay picture system for internet addiction symptoms (22 sandplay pictures, 11 related to addicts and 11 related to non-addicts, respectively). Sixty Chinese adolescents were selected as the participants (30 as addicts and 30 as non-addicts) according to the APIUS. RESULTS: (1) The initial sandplay pictures for internet addicts are clearly preferred by Chinese internet-addicted adolescents, which are more familiar and easier to process; (2) Such pictures have a higher level of emotional arousal and cognitive resonance for the addicts; (3) Track and heat maps indicate that young internet addicts mainly fixate on the initial sandplay pictures for internet addicts. CONCLUSION: This initial sandplay picture system can be used to screen and identify young Chinese internet addicts based on symptoms, and the evaluation results are consistent with those based on the APIUS.

Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in landfill gas: Composition characteristics and health risks.

Gas emitted from landfills contains a large quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), some of which are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, thereby posing a serious threat to the health of landfill workers and nearby residents. However, the global hazards of VOCs and SVOCs in landfill gas to human health remain unclear. To quantify the global risk distributions of these pollutants, we collected the composition and concentration data of VOCs and SVOCs from 72 landfills in 20 countries from the core database of Web of Science and assessed their human health risks as well as analyzed their influencing factors. Organic compounds in landfill gas were found to primarily result from the biodegradation of natural organic waste or the emissions and volatilization of chemical products, with the concentration range of 1 × 10-1-1 × 106 µg/m3. The respiratory system, in particular, lung was the major target organ of VOCs and SVOCs, with additional adverse health impacts ranging from headache and allergies to lung cancer. Aromatic and halogenated compounds were the primary sources of health risk, while ethyl acetate and acetone from the biodegradation of natural organic waste also exceeded the acceptable levels for human health. Overall, VOCs and SVOCs affected residents within 1,000 m of landfills. Air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind direction, and wind speed were the major factors that influenced the health risks of VOCs and SVOCs. Currently, landfill risk assessments of VOCs and SVOCs are primarily based on respiratory inhalation, with health risks due to other exposure routes remaining poorly elucidated. In addition, potential health risks due to the transport and transformation of landfill gas emitted into the atmosphere should be further studied.

Interpretation of Reflection and Colorimetry Characteristics of Indium-Particle Films by Means of Ellipsometric Modeling.

It is of great technological importance in the field of plasmonic color generation to establish and understand the relationship between optical responses and the reflectance of metallic nanoparticles. Previously, a series of indium nanoparticle ensembles were fabricated using electron beam evaporation and inspected using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The multi-oscillator Lorentz-Drude model demonstrated the optical responses of indium nanoparticles with different sizes and size distributions. The reflectance spectra and colorimetry characteristics of indium nanoparticles with unimodal and bimodal size distributions were interpreted based on the SE analysis. The trends of reflectance spectra were explained by the transfer matrix method. The effects of optical constants n and k of indium on the reflectance were demonstrated by mapping the reflectance contour lines on the n-k plane. Using oscillator decomposition, the influence of different electron behaviors in various indium structures on the reflectance spectra was revealed intuitively. The contribution of each oscillator on the colorimetry characteristics, including hue, lightness and saturation, were determined and discussed from the reflectance spectral analysis.

[Clinical anatomical study on the treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome with four-point vertical acupotomy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore safety and accuracy of four-point acupotomy for the treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome regarding release of ankle tunnel flexor retinaculum to provide an anatomical basis of clinical treatment. METHODS: Twenty-nine adult specimens (15 males and 14 females) fixed with 10% formalin, aged from 47 to 98 years old with an average age of (81.10±11.14) years old, 29 on the right side and 29 on the left side, which were selected for the study from September 2020 to October 2020. Simulate the operation of loosening flexor retinaculumt with a needle knife on the human specimen, and place the specimen on the frog position of lower limbs with medial malleolus upward to determine the center of medial malleolus. Choose 4 different positions near the flexor retinaculum to insert the needle so that the needle body was perpendicular to skin and cutting edge direction was perpendicular to the running direction of the flexor retinaculum. The needle knife penetrates the skin and explores slowly. When the flexor retinaculum was reached, the needle tip may touch the tough tissue. At this time, the cutting is loosened for 4 times. After acupotomy release operation was completed, make a lateral incision on the skin surface along acupotomy direction, open the area of the exposed flexor retinaculum, dissecting layer by layer, observe and record the needle knife and its surrounding anatomical structure. The length of acupotomy cutting marks of flexor retinaculum was measured by electronic vernier caliper. The safety and accuracy of acupotomy loosening of ankle canal flexor retinaculum were evaluated by observing the number and degree of ankle canal contents such as tendons and nerves injured by needle knife. The safety is to count the number of cases of acupotomy injury to the contents of the ankle canal, and to calculate the injury rate, that is, the number of injury cases/total cases × 100%. The effective release was defined as the release length L ≥ W/2(W is the width of the flexor retinaculum, defined as 20 mm). RESULTS: For safety, there were no acupotomy injuries to nerves or blood vessels in 58 cases, 26 cases injuried to posterior tibial tendon which 17 of these tendon injury cases, the tendon was penetrated and severely injured, and flexor digitorum longus tendon was injured in 12 cases. Among these cases, tendon was penetrated and severely injured in 4 cases, and total injury rate was 32.14%. No nerve and vessel injury on c3 and c4 point. For accuracy, 58 specimens were successfully released. The length Lc of releasing trace for acupotomy was (10.40±1.36) cm, and length range 6.38 to 12.88 cm. Among all cases, the length of releasing trace was ≥10 mm in 37 cases. The overall success rate of release was 100.00%. Layered structure of ankle tube flexor retinaculumt:fiber diaphragm from flexor retinaculum divides contents of ankle tube into different chambers inward, and fiber diaphragm meets here to synthesize a complete flexor retinaculum at the midpoint of the line between the medial malleolus tip and calcaneal tubercle(above the neurovascular course). CONCLUSION: Four-point needle-knife method of releasing flexor retinaculum for the treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome is performed at the attachment of the two ends of flexor retinaculum;the tendon, but not the nerves and blood vessels, is easily damaged. It is safe to insert needle on the side of calcaneus. The extent of release is relatively complete, but due to the "layered" structure of the flexor retinaculum, classic surgical technique could only release one layer of flexor retinaculum when a needle is inserted at the edge of the bone and cannot achieve complete release of the full thickness of the flexor. Therefore, it remains to be determined whether the desired effect can be achieved clinically.

[Effects of long-chain noncoding RNA Linc00673 overexpression on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line MGC-803].

Objective: To investigate the effects of long-chain noncoding RNA Linc00673 overexpression on proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells and its mechanisms. Methods: The recombinant lentivirus expressing plasmid pLVX-Linc00673 and the control empty plasmid pLVX-NC were packaged and amplified in 293T cells, and the recombinant lentivirus was transfected into gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 to establish a cell line stably overexpressing Linc00673. The expression of Linc00673 gene was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The growth and proliferation of cells were observed by MTT assay and clone formation assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of cell cycle related regulatory genes were detected by qPCR. The expressions of key molecules in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and tumor proliferation related proteins were detected by Western blot. Results: The expressions of Linc00673 in gastric cancer cell line MGC-803, BGC-823 and AGS were significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa cell line GES-1 (P＜0.05). MGC-803 cell line with stable overexpression of LINC00673 was established, and the expression level of LincC00673 was 200 times higher than that of the control empty carrier group. Overexpression of Linc00673 promoted proliferation of MGC-803 cells (P＜0.05) and clone formation (P＜0.05), inhibited cell apoptosis and affected the G1→S phase progression of cell cycle (P＜0.01). Overexpression of Linc00673 could affect the expressions of cell cycle regulatory gene CCNG2, P19 and CDK1 in MGC-803. Western blot showed that Linc00673 overexpression not only promoted the expressions of the key molecule pAkt in PI3K / Akt signaling pathway and its downstream target NF-κ B and Bcl-2 protein, but also up regulated the expressions of tumor related factors ß-catenin and EZH2 proteins. Conclusion: Overexpression of Linc00673 may promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of MGC-803 cells through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Construction of a HOXA11-AS-Interact Ed Network in Keloid Fibroblasts Using Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis and in Vitro Validation.

Background: Expression of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HOXA11-AS significantly increased in keloids by unclarified molecular regulation mechanisms. Methods: Using successfully primary cultured keloid-derived fibroblasts from central region of chronic keloid tissues (sample 0), small interfering RNAs were designed and transfected into two keloid fibroblast samples (samples 1 and 2) to knockdown HOXA11-AS. One nonspecific transfection control (sample 3) and one blank control (sample 4) were used to remove nonspecific overlap from the studied group. The lncRNAs, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) of five samples were sequenced to identify differentially expressed (DE) profiles in HOXA11-AS-knockdown keloid fibroblasts in samples 1 and 2 (by intersection), which facilitated removal of overlap with the nonspecific controls (samples 3 and 4, by union). Using stepwise bioinformatic analysis, a HOXA11-AS-interacted competing endogenous network (ceRNA) was screened based on three DE profiles. Results: Keloid fibroblasts with or without HOXA11-AS as well as with or without nonspecific interferences were successfully constructed respectively. A total of 1,396 mRNAs and 39 lncRNAs were significantly changed in keloid fibroblast with HOXA11-AS knockdown. Simultaneously, 1,626 mRNAs and 99 lncRNAs were significantly changed in keloid fibroblast with nonspecific interference. With removal of nonspecific overlap, a lncRNA-mRNA interactive network characterized by close natural/intronic antisense relationship was initially constructed in keloid fibroblast with HOXA11-AS knockdown. Based on this network, a lncRNA-mRNA-protein interaction network was extended by integration of the human protein-protein interaction network. Significant functional genes were screened using PageRank algorithm in the extended network. Three genes, including SNED1, NIPAL3, and VTN, were validated by real-time PCR in HOXA11-AS-knockdown keloid fibroblasts. Only NIPAL3 was predicted to be a target gene for HOXA11-AS via three competing endogenous miRNAs (hsa-miRNA-19a-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, and hsa-miR-140-5p). Conclusion: An interactive network of HOXA11-AS-three miRNAs-NIPAL3 was predicted in keloid fibroblasts by integrative bioinformatic analysis and in vitro validation.

MCM5 Aggravates the HDAC1-Mediated Malignant Progression of Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is essential in the malignant progression of tumors. However, there is no obvious relationship between the expression of HDAC1 and the survival of lung cancer patients. Herein, we explored the involvement of minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5) and HDAC1 interaction in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-dependent malignant progression of lung cancer. METHODS: We analyzed the expression of MCM5 and HDAC1 in The Cancer Genome Atlas database and clinical samples, as well as their impact on patient survival. Cell and animal experiments were performed to verify the promotion of EMT in lung cancer cells mediated by MCM5 and HDAC1. RESULTS: We found that lung adenocarcinoma patients with high expression of MCM5 and HDAC1 had poor survival time. Overexpression of MCM5 and HDAC1 in A549 and H1975 cells can promote proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, astragaloside IV can block the interaction between HDAC1 and MCM5, which can then inhibit the malignant progression of lung cancer in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION: The interaction between MCM5 and HDAC1 aggravated the EMT-dependent malignant progression of lung cancer. Astragaloside IV can block the interaction between MCM5 and HDAC1 to inhibit the progression of lung cancer.

Medical expenditure for lung cancer in China: a multicenter, hospital-based retrospective survey.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer, and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in China. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct medical expenditure incurred for lung cancer care and analyze the trend therein for the period 2002-2011 using nationally representative data in China METHODS: This study was based on 10-year, multicenter retrospective expenditure data collected from hospital records, covering 15,437 lung cancer patients from 13 provinces diagnosed during the period 2002-2011. All expenditure data were adjusted to 2011 to eliminate the effects of inflation using China's annual consumer price index. RESULTS: The direct medical expenditure for lung cancer care (in 2011) was 39,015 CNY (US$6,041) per case, with an annual growth rate of 7.55% from 2002 to 2011. Drug costs were the highest proportionally in the total medical expenditure (54.27%), followed by treatment expenditure (14.32%) and surgical expenditure (8.10%). Medical expenditures for the disease varied based on region, hospital level, type, and stage. CONCLUSION: The medical expenditure for lung cancer care is substantial in China. Drug costs and laboratory test are the main factors increasing medical costs.

Overexpression of LINC00673 Promotes the Proliferation of Cervical Cancer Cells.

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of LINC00673 in cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to explore the role of LINC00673 in the development of cervical cancer. METHODS: The expression of LINC00673 in serum from cervical cancer patients, CIN patients, and healthy participants was detected by RT-qPCR. The function of LINC00673 in cervical cancer cells was analyzed using in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: Our results revealed that serum LINC00673 levels were highest in cervical cancer patients, followed by patients with CIN and healthy controls. In vitro experiments demonstrated that overexpression of LINC00673 enhanced the proliferation and cell cycle progression of HeLa and SiHa cells. In vivo experiments showed that the tumor weight and volume of nude mice subcutaneously injected with LINC00673-overexpressing HeLa cells were larger than those of nude mice injected with control cells (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed that cell cycle-related proteins cyclin A2 and cyclin E and interstitial-associated proteins Snail and N-cadherin were upregulated and p53 signaling pathway-related proteins were downregulated in LINC00673-overexpressing HeLa and SiHa cells. CONCLUSION: LINC00673 plays an important role in the development of cervical cancer and may serve as a new therapeutic target for cervical cancer.

[Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Water of Lijiang River Basin].

In order to clarify the pollution levels of heavy metals in the drinking water sources of the Lijiang River Basin, surface water samples were collected from 62 sites throughout the Lijiang River during May 2019. Heavy metals, including As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Hg, Co, and Sb, in the water samples were analysed. Health risk assessments associated with these nine heavy metals were conducted using the health risk assessment model from the US EPA. The results indicated that the order of the average concentrations of heavy metals in the water samples were Mn > Zn > As > Cr > Cu > Sb > Co > Cd > Hg. No heavy metals exceeded the limit values of the drinking water health standards in China (GB 5749-2006), and the concentrations were lower than the limitations of Grade Ⅰ level in the environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838-2002). According to the spatial distribution, the high contents areas of As, Cr, Zn, and Sb were predominantly distributed downstream of the Lijiang River, while the high contents areas of Cd, Cu, Hg, Co, and Mn were mostly distributed in the upper reaches. Multivariate analysis indicated that Cd, Mn, Cu, and Co were primarily from agricultural production; Cr, Zn, and Sb were mainly from tourism transportation; As was predominantly from the weathering of rock parent material and soil erosion; Hg was mainly from the improper disposal of domestic garbage and atmospheric deposition. The results of the health risk assessment indicated that children were more susceptible to the threat of heavy metal pollution than adults, and the average annual risk of carcinogenic heavy metals to human health through drinking water ingestion were higher than those of non-carcinogenic metals. The maximum personal average annual health risk of Cr was higher than the maximum allowance levels recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (5×10-5 a-1). The average annual risk of non-carcinogenic heavy metals (10-14-10-9 a-1) decreased in the order of Co > Cu > Hg > Zn > Sb > Mn, which were far below the maximum allowance levels recommended by the ICRP.

Health-related quality of life of patients with colorectal neoplasms in China: A multicenter cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study aimed to clarify health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with colorectal precancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) in China and to better understand related utility scores. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in precancer and CRC patients from 2012 to 2014, covering 12 provinces in China. HRQoL was assessed with EuroQol 5-Dimensions 3-Levels. Utility scores were derived using Chinese value set. A multivariate regression model was established to explore potential predictors of utility scores. RESULTS: A total of 376 precancer (mean age 58.7 years, 61.2% men) and 2470 CRC patients (mean age 58.6 years, 57.6% men) were included. In five dimensions, there was a certain percentage of problem reported among precancer (range: 12.0% to 36.7%) and CRC (range: 32.4% to 50.3%) patients, with pain/discomfort being the most serious dimension. Utility scores of precancer and CRC patients were 0.870 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.855-0.886) and 0.751 (95% CI, 0.742-0.759), both of which were lower than those of general Chinese population (0.960 [95% CI, 0.960-0.960]). Utilities for patients at stage I to stage IV were 0.742 (95% CI, 0.715-0.769), 0.722 (95% CI, 0.705-0.740), 0.756 (95% CI, 0.741-0.772), and 0.745 (95% CI, 0.742-0.767), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that therapeutic regimen, time point of the interview, education, occupation, annual household income, and geographic region were associated with utilities of CRC patients. CONCLUSION: Health-related quality of life of both precancer and CRC patients in China declined considerably. Utility scores differed by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and findings of these utilities may facilitate implementation of further cost-utility evaluations.

Serum lncRNAs (CCAT2, LINC01133, LINC00511) with Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Panel as Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Detection of Cervical Squamous Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We screened long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) specifically expressed in the serum of cervical squamous carcinoma (CESC) patient samples and investigated the role of these specific lncRNAs in the diagnosis of CESC and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: The expression levels of the lncRNAs CCAT2, LINC01133, and LINC00511 in the serum of normal controls and patient with CESC and CIN were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Next, we analyzed the correlation between the serum lncRNAs levels and the clinical characteristics of CESC. Thereafter, we estimated their combined diagnostic value by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that CCAT2, LINC01133, and LINC00511 were highly expressed in the serum of patients with CESC. When these lncRNAs and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen were combined, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value reached 0.94. We also found that the AUC value of the diagnostic model combining CCAT2 and LINC01133 reached 0.894. CONCLUSION: The serum lncRNAs (CCAT2, LINC01133, and LINC00511) and SCC may be new non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of CESC.

[Clinical anatomical study on the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with classic Acupotomy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the safety of classic Acupotomy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Twenty six adult specimens (15 males and 11 females), aged 60 to 95(82.54±6.94) years old, were selected from 10% formalin antiseptic fixation. There were 52 sides(two of them could not be tested). The study period was from November 2017 to May 2018. The specimens were collected from the body donation center of the school of basic medicine, Peking University. The operation of releasing the transverse carpal ligament on the human body specimen was simulated by the classic acupotomy, and the distance from the four points to the surrounding anatomical structure was measured to calculate the direct injury rate to the nerve and blood vessels, and the shortest distance between the acupotomy and the nerve and blood vessels was defined as ≥2 mm as safety. RESULTS: In the experimental operation, the direct injury rate of nerve and blood vessel was 14% and 12% respectively. There was significant difference in the rate of direct nerve injury between the four injection points (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of direct vascular injury between the four injection points (P>0.05). Among the four points, there was a statistically significant difference in the safety of nerves(P<0.05), and the safety of point 1 and point 3 of radial injection was higher than that of point 2 and point 4 of ulnar injection(P<0.05). There was significant difference in the safety of blood vessels between the four points(P<0.05), and the safety of radial point 1 was higher than that of ulnar point 2 and point 4 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The safety of the classic Acupotomy for carpal tunnel syndrome is related to the location of the needle entry point, and the safety of theradial proximal end of the needle is the highest.

Evolution properties and dechlorination capacities of particulate organic matter from a landfill.

Particulate organic matter (POM) includes humin and non-degradable residues, and the knowledge about its composition, evolution and environmental behavior is limited. The composition, evolution and its influence on dechlorination of the POM in landfill was studied. The results show that POM accounts for 27 %-57 % of the organic matter in landfill cell, which is mainly composed of protein-, fulvic- and humic-like components. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the main microorganisms driving the compositional evolution of POM during the landfilling process. The electron acceptance capacities (EAC) and electron donating capacities (EDC) of POM were in the range of 0.05-0.51 µmol/gC-1 and 0.13-0.66 µmol/gC-1, respectively, and the average EAC and EDC of POM in the intermediate and old stage of landfill were higher than those in the initial stage. The combined action of MR-1 and POM increased the degradation rate of PCP by 20 %-40 %, which was ascribed to the reduction capacities and electron transfer process of POM. POM derived from the intermediate and old stages promoted PCP dechlorination more effectively when compared with the initial stage due to its high electron transfer capacities (ETC), which are of great significance for soil in-situ bioremediation.

The Value of ABO Blood Group and Complete Blood Count for the Prognosis Analysis of Gastric Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of ABO blood group and complete blood count results in predicting the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to collect 488 gastric cancer patients diagnosed in the Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University from January 2010 to December 2011. Relevant clinical data were collected by the medical record system, and the patients were followed up by the medical record follow-up system of the hospital. The follow-up was ended until the death of the patients, and the survival time of all patients was obtained. Survival curve and Cox regression analysis model were used to study the role of various indicators in the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. RESULTS: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil monocyte ratio (NMR), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) and platelet distribution width (PDW) in blood routine test could predict the death outcome of gastric cancer patients, with the predicted thresholds of 1.95, 13.49, 5.22 and 11.25, respectively. Survival curve analysis showed that female patients, type O blood patients, LMR >5.22 patients, NMR >13.49 patients and NLR ≤1.95 patients had longer survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis model showed that gender and NLR were independent prognosis risk factors for gastric cancer, with HR values of 2.964 (95% CI of 2.258-3.891) and 1.103 (95% CI of 1.028-1.183), respectively. PLT and PDW were independent prognosis protective factors for gastric cancer, with HR values of 0.998 (95% CI of 0.997-1.000) and 0.891 (95% CI of 0.797-0.996), respectively. Compared with type O blood patients, patients with type A blood, type B blood and type AB blood had 3.472 times (95% CI 2.562-4.706), 3.368 times (95% CI 2.454-4.624) and 4.407 times (95% CI 2.871-6.766) increased risk of death. CONCLUSION: The results of NLR, PLT, PDW and ABO blood group can help to predict the survival of gastric cancer patients.

Short-term impact of breast cancer screening intervention on health-related quality of life in China: A multicentre cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of participating in breast cancer screening programmes on health-related quality of life (HRQoL)is poorly understood. METHODS: Based on a national breast cancer screening programme in China, a multicentre cross-sectional survey was conducted covering 12 provinces from September 2013 to December 2014. HRQoL of participants in the screening population and general population was evaluated by the three-levelEuroQol-five-Dimensions (EQ-5D-3L) instrument, and utility scores were generated through the Chinese value set. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to explore determinants of utility scores and anxiety/depression problems. RESULTS: For screening group and general population (n = 4756, mean age = 51.6 year old), the corresponding utility scores were 0.937 (95% CI, 0.933-0.941) and 0.953 (0.949-0.957) (P < .001). Pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were the most common reported in both groups (51.4% and 34.3%, P < .001). Utility scores at prescreening, in-screening, and postscreening interview timings were 0.928 (0.921-0.935), 0.958 (0.948-0.969), and 0.938 (0.933-0.943), respectively (P < .001); the corresponding proportions of anxiety/depression reporting were 25.9%, 16.3%, and 21.1%, respectively (P = .004). Interview timing, geographical region, and insurance status were associated with HRQoL and anxiety/depression in women at high-risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Utility scores of screening participants were significantly lower than that of general population in China, but the difference may be clinically insignificant. Further cohort studies using HRQoL measurements are needed.

Association of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND: The association of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with T2DM to investigate the relationship of HDL-C with microalbuminuria. METHODS: A total of 524 participants with T2DM were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The patients were divided into four groups according to serum HDL-C quartile. A nonparametric test was employed to assess the relationships across quartiles with clinical parameters and demographics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was further performed. RESULTS: Of the 524 patients, 138 (26.3%) were found to have microalbuminuria by urinary albumin excretion rate determination. Serum HDL-C levels in microalbuminuria group were significantly lower than those in non-microalbuminuria group (1.04 (0.90-1.21) vs. 1.10 (0.94-1.31) mmol/L, P = 0.002). The nonparametric test for trend showed that the prevalence of microalbuminuria was significantly reduced for subjects of the fourth quartile of HDL-C compared to the first to third quartile (13.5% vs. 33.1%, 28.6%, 29.4%, P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that subjects within the highest quartile of HDL-C had lower odds of microalbuminuria than those within the lowest quartile of HDL-C (OR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.15-0.52, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of serum HDL-C were associated with decreased rates of microalbuminuria in T2DM patients.

Medical expenses of urban Chinese patients with stomach cancer during 2002-2011: a hospital-based multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: In China, stomach cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. Few studies have examined Chinese stomach cancer patients' medical expenses and their associated trends. The Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) is a Major Public Health Project funded by the central government. Through this project, we have extracted patients' medical expenses from hospital billing data to examine the costs of the first course treatments (which refers to 2 months before and 10 months after the date of cancer diagnosis) in Chinese patients with stomach cancer and the associated trends. METHODS: The expense data of 14,692 urban Chinese patients with stomach cancer were collected from 40 hospitals in 13 provinces. We estimated the inflation-adjusted medical expenses per patient during 2002-2011. We described the time trends of medical expenses at the country-level, and those trends by subgroup, and analyzed the compositions of medical expenses. We constructed the Generalized Linear Mixed (GLM) regression model with Poisson distribution to examine the factors that were associated with medical expenses per patient. RESULTS: The average medical expenses of the first course treatments were about 43,249 CNY (6851 USD) in 2011, more than twice of that in 2002. The expenses increased by an average annual rate of 7.4%. Longer stay during hospitalization and an increased number of episodes of care are the two main contributors to the expense increase. The upward trend of medical expenses was observed in almost all patient subgroups. Drug expenses accounted for over half of the medical expenses. CONCLUSIONS: The average medical expenses of the first course (2 months before and 10 months after the date of cancer diagnosis) treatments per stomach cancer patient in urban China in 2011 were doubled during the previous 10 years, and about twice as high as the per capita disposable income of urban households in the same year. Such high expenses indicate that it makes economic sense to invest in cancer prevention and control in China.