COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: Case report and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Increasing number of patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis have been reported, especially from India recently. We have described a patient with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis and, searched and analyzed current medical literature to delineate the characteristics of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis. METHOD: We reported a patient developed mucormycosis during post-COVID period. We searched literature to describe the incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis. Demographic features, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: We describe a 54-year-old male, hospitalized due to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. He was given long-term, high doses of systemic steroids. He developed maxillo-fascial mucormycosis and died of sepsis. Our literature search found 30 publications describing 100 patients including present case report. The majority (n = 68) were reported from India. 76% were male. The most commonly seen risk factors were corticosteroid use (90.5%), diabetes (79%), and hypertension (34%). Also, excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics were noted in cases. Most frequent involvements were rhino-orbital (50%), followed by rhino-sinusal (17%), and rhino-orbito-cerebral (15%). Death was reported as 33 out of 99 patients (33,3%). CONCLUSIONS: Steroid use, diabetes, environmental conditions, excessive use of antibiotics, and hypoxia are main risk factors. Despite medical and surgical treatment, mortality rate is high. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve the conditions facilitating the emergence of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis.

Rotational thromboelastometry alongside conventional coagulation testing in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Data describing the coagulopathy of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever are scarce. We did rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and conventional coagulation testing in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever to increase our understanding of the coagulopathy of this infectious disease. METHODS: We did a prospective observational cohort study of adults aged 18 years and older and admitted to hospitals with PCR-confirmed Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Samsun and Tokat, Turkey. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected and blood samples for ROTEM analysis and coagulation testing were drawn at admission and during hospital admission and convalescence (up to 30 days after onset of illness). For the ROTEM analysis we recorded the following extrinsically activated ROTEM (EXTEM S) variables, with normal ranges indicated: clotting time (38-79 s), clot formation time (34-159 s), amplitude at 10 min after clotting time (43-65 mm), maximum clot firmness (50-72 mm), and maximum lysis (>15% at 1 h). The following fibrin-specific ROTEM (FIBTEM S) variables were also recorded: amplitude at 10 min after clotting time (normal range 7-23 mm) and maximum clot firmness (9-25 mm). Disease severity was assessed by Swanepoel criteria, severity grading score (SGS), and the severity scoring index (SSI), with mild disease defined as meeting no Swanepoel criteria, graded mild by SSI, and graded low risk by SGS. FINDINGS: Between May 27, 2015, and Aug 2, 2015, 65 patients with confirmed Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever were recruited and had blood taken at 110 time points. Most were male (40 [62%] of 65) with mild disease (49 [75%] of 65). Haemorrhage occurred in 13 (20%; 95% CI 11·1-31·8) of 65 patients and 23 (35%) of 65 received blood products (15 received fresh frozen plasma and eight received red blood cell concentrates), and 21 patients received platelet transfusions. At admission, the following EXTEM S variables differed significantly between mild cases and moderate to severe cases: median clotting time 56 s (range 42-81; IQR 48-64) versus 69 s (range 48-164; IQR 54-75; p=0·01); mean amplitude at 10 min after clotting time 45·1 mm (SD 7·0) versus 33·9 mm (SD 8·6; p<0·0001); median clot formation time 147 s (range 72-255; IQR 101-171) versus 197 s (range 98-418; IQR 156-296; p=0·006); and maximum clot firmness 54·4 mm (SD 7·2) versus 45·1 mm (SD 12·5; p=0·003). The EXTEM S variables were compared at different time points; maximum clot firmness (p=0·024) and amplitude at 10 min after clotting time (p=0·090) were lowest on days 4-6 of illness. We found no significant differences in FIBTEM variables between mild and moderate to severe cases (median amplitude at 10 min, 13 mm [range 8-20; IQR 11-15] vs 12 mm [range 6-25; IQR 10-15; p=0·68]; and median maximum clot firmness, 15 mm [range 9-60; IQR 13-21] vs 17 mm [range 7-39; IQR 13-23; p=0·21]); and no hyperfibrinolysis (maximum lysis >15%). INTERPRETATION: Coagulopathy of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is related to defects in clot development and stabilisation that are more marked in severe disease than in mild disease. The combination of normal and slightly deranged coagulation screens and FIBTEM results with the absence of hyperfibrinolysis suggests that the coagulopathy of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever relates to platelet dysfunction. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, UK Ministry of Defence, and National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit.

Availability of hepatitis C diagnostics and therapeutics in European and Eurasia countries.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has provided sustained virological response rates in >95% of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However treatment is costly and market access, reimbursement and governmental restrictions differ among countries. We aimed to analyze these differences among European and Eurasian countries. METHODS: A survey including 20-item questionnaire was sent to experts in viral hepatitis. Countries were evaluated according to their income categories by the World Bank stratification. RESULTS: Experts from 26 countries responded to the survey. As of May 2016, HCV prevalence was reported as low (≤1%) in Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; intermediate (1-4%) in Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Kosovo, Greece, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Serbia and high in Georgia (6.7%). All countries had national guidelines except Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Tunisia, and UK. Transient elastography was available in all countries, but reimbursed in 61%. HCV-RNA was reimbursed in 81%. PegIFN/RBV was reimbursed in 54% of the countries. No DAAs were available in four countries: Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Serbia, and Tunisia. In others, at least one DAA combination with either PegIFN/RBV or another DAA was available. In Germany and the Netherlands all DAAs were reimbursed without restrictions: Sofosbuvir and sofosbuvir/ledipasvir were free of charge in Georgia. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of HCV is relatively higher in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries. DAAs are not available or reimbursed in many Eurasia and European countries. Effective screening and access to care are essential for reducing liver-related morbidity and mortality.

Infection prevention and control practice for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever-A multi-center cross-sectional survey in Eurasia.

BACKGROUND: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a life threatening acute viral infection that presents significant risk of nosocomial transmission to healthcare workers. AIM: Evaluation of CCHF infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices in healthcare facilities that routinely manage CCHF cases in Eurasia. METHODS: A cross-sectional CCHF IP&C survey was designed and distributed to CCHF centers in 10 endemic Eurasian countries in 2016. RESULTS: Twenty-three responses were received from centers in Turkey, Pakistan, Russia, Georgia, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Oman, Iran, India and Kazakhstan. All units had dedicated isolation rooms for CCHF, with cohorting of confirmed cases in 15/23 centers and cohorting of suspect and confirmed cases in 9/23 centers. There was adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) in 22/23 facilities, with 21/23 facilities reporting routine use of PPE for CCHF patients. Adequate staffing levels to provide care reported in 14/23 locations. All centers reported having a high risk CCHFV nosocomial exposure in last five years, with 5 centers reporting more than 5 exposures. Education was provided annually in most centers (13/23), with additional training requested in PPE use (11/23), PPE donning/doffing (12/23), environmental disinfection (12/23) and waste management (14/23). CONCLUSIONS: Staff and patient safety must be improved and healthcare associated CCHF exposure and transmission eliminated. Improvements are recommended in isolation capacity in healthcare facilities, use of PPE and maintenance of adequate staffing levels. We recommend further audit of IP&C practice at individual units in endemic areas, as part of national quality assurance programs.

Telbivudine attenuates gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.

Nephrotoxicity has been associated with nucleos(t)ide analogues other than telbivudine (LdT). This study investigated the potential effects of LdT and lamivudine (LAM) on renal function in an experimental rat model of gentamicin-induced acute nephrotoxicity. A total of 28 healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: negative control; positive control (PC); LdT; and LAM. Nephrotoxicity was induced by gentamicin in the LdT, LAM and PC groups. LdT and LAM were administered to two groups for 6 weeks starting on the ninth day. Blood samples were collected weekly and cystatin C levels were measured by ELISA. Animals were sacrificed on the 50th day and the kidneys were removed for histological examination. Serum cystatin C levels differed significantly between the LdT and LAM groups (P <0.007) and between the LdT and PC groups (P <0.001). Renal function was significantly improved in the LdT group at the start of antiviral treatment on Day 8 and at the end of treatment on Day 50 (P = 0.001 and 0.007). Glomerular injury, acute tubular necrosis and total injury score were significantly reduced in the LdT group relative to the PC and LAM groups upon histopathological examination. LdT was associated with significant improvements in renal function as measured by biochemical and histopathological methods. The acute kidney injury model data should be supported by clinical studies to suggest that LdT treatment may have advantages for patients with underlying chronic kidney disease receiving chronic hepatitis B treatment.

A case of endocarditis mimicking Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is life-threatening condition with a highly variable clinical presentation. We report a case of acute IE with delayed diagnosis which resulted due to an initial misdiagnosis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in an endemic area. A case was due to Staphylococcus aureus and requiring valve replacement. They serve to emphasize the importance of careful history taking, physical examination and a broad range of different diagnostic techniques in the context of suspected viral hemorrhagic fever.

Variables determining mortality in patients with Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis/ventriculitis treated with intrathecal colistin.

AIM: To examine the variables associated with mortality in patients with Acinetobacter baumannii-related central nervous system infections treated with intrathecal colistin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multi-centre retrospective case control study included patients from 11 centres in Turkey, as well as cases found during a literature review. Only patients with CNS infections caused by multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with intrathecal colistin were included in this study. The variables associated with mortality were determined by dividing the patients into groups who died or survived during hospitalisation, and who died or survived from Acinetobacter meningitis. RESULTS: Among the 77 cases enrolled in the study, 35 were found through a literature review and 42 were cases from our centres. Forty-four cases (57.1%) were male and the median age was 48 years (range: 20-78 years). Thirty-seven patients (48%) died during hospitalisation. The variables associated with increased all-cause mortality during hospitalisation included old age (odds ratio, 1.035; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.004-1.067; p=0.026) and failure to provide cerebrospinal fluid sterilisation (odds ratio, 0.264; 95% confidence interval, 0.097-0.724; p=0.01). There is a trend (P=0.062) towards higher mortality with using of meropenem during meningitis treatment. Fifteen cases (19%) died from meningitis. There were no significant predictors of meningitis-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate for central nervous system infections caused by multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is high. Old age and failure to provide CSF sterilisation are associated with increased mortality during hospitalisation.

Risk factors and mortality in the Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: case control study.

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has been known as a nosocomial pathogen, both for the last 10 years in Turkey and for 20 years worldwide. Due to limited treatment options and high mortality rates, despite improvements in the field of medicine at the present time, CRKP is still a big threat for public health. This study was carried out between the dates of January 2010 and September 2014. Patients ≥18 who were hospitalized for at least 72 h and who also had CRKP growth were included in the study as a case group. In the same period patients, who were hospitalized in the same ward and did not have CRKP growth were selected as the control group. It was determined that no glycopeptides and steroids use nor tracheostomy as protective factors would be employed in terms of non-development of CRKP. Mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, urinary catheter presence, central venous catheterization, nasogastric tube placement, advanced age, acute renal insufficiency, total parenteral nutrition, carbapenem, glycopeptide, and piperacillin tazobactam were all detected as risk factors in terms of CRKP infection development. As a result, rational usage of antibiotics for preventing infections developing with CRKP should be targeted.

Quality of life and related factors among chronic hepatitis B-infected patients: a multi-center study, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in Turkey and to study related factors. METHODS: This multicenter study was carried out between January 01 and April 15, 2015 in Turkey in 57 centers. Adults were enrolled and studied in three groups. Group 1: Inactive HBsAg carriers, Group 2: CHB patients receiving antiviral therapy, Group 3: CHB patients who were neither receiving antiviral therapy nor were inactive HBsAg carriers. Study data was collected by face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Hepatitis B Quality of Life (HBQOL). Values equivalent to p < 0.05 in analyses were accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: Four thousand two hundred fifty-seven patients with CHB were included in the study. Two thousand five hundred fifty-nine (60.1 %) of the patients were males. Groups 1, 2 and 3, consisted of 1529 (35.9 %), 1721 (40.4 %) and 1007 (23.7 %) patients, respectively. The highest value of HRQOL was found in inactive HBsAg carriers. We found that total HBQOL score increased when antiviral treatment was used. However, HRQOL of CHB patients varied according to their socio-demographic properties. Regarding total HBQOL score, a higher significant level of HRQOL was determined in inactive HBV patients when matched controls with the associated factors were provided. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQOL score of CHB patients was higher than expected and it can be worsen when the disease becomes active. Use of an antiviral therapy can contribute to increasing HRQOL of patients.

Aetiology of PCR negative suspected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever cases in an endemic area.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal tick-borne viral infection that is widely distributed worldwide. The diagnosis is frequently missed due to the non-specific initial symptoms and the differential diagnosis included many infectious and non-infectious causes. This retrospective study describes the clinical features and final diagnoses of 116 suspect CCHF cases that were admitted to a tertiary CCHF center in Turkey, and were CCHF IgM and PCR negative.

Hydrocephalus and vasculitis delay therapeutic responses in tuberculous meninigitis: Results of Haydarpasa-III study.

AIMS: There is no report on the factors affecting the resolution of symptoms related to meningitis during treatment of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Thus, we examined the factors associated with early therapeutic responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter study included 507 patients with microbiologically confirmed TBM. However, 94 patients eligible for the analysis were included in this study from 24 centers. Six out of 94 patients died and the statistical analysis was performed with 88 survivors. Early and late responder groups were compared in the statistical analysis. P < 0.05 were considered to show a significant difference. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, the presence of vasculitis (P = 0.029, OR = 10.491 [95% CI, 1.27-86.83]) was found to be significantly associated with a delayed fever response whereas hydrocephalus was associated with altered mental status for >9 days duration (P = 0.005, OR = 5.740 [95% CI, 1.68-19.57]). According to linear regression analysis, fever was significantly persisting (>7 days) in the presence of vasculitis (17.5 vs. 7, P< 0.001) and hydrocephalus (11 vs. 7, P = 0.029). Hydrocephalus was significantly associated with persisting headache (21 vs. 12, P = 0.025), delayed recovery of consciousness (19.5 vs. 7, P = 0.001), and a delay in complete recovery (21 vs. 14, P = 0.007) in the linear regression analysis. Following institution of treatment, the complaints seemed to disappear in up to 2 weeks among TBM survivors. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of hydrocephalus or vasculitis, one week of anti-tuberculosis treatment seems to be adequate for the resolution of TBM symptoms. Hydrocephalus and vasculitis delay the resolution of TBM symptoms in response to antimycobacterial treatment.

Prognostic factors, pathophysiology and novel biomarkers in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a geographically widespread tick-borne zoonosis. The clinical spectrum of the illness varies from mild infection to severe disease and death. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations develop, with fatality rates of 4-20%, depending on the geographic region and quality of the health care. Although vast majority of the CCHF cases were reported from Turkey, mortality rate is lower than the other regions, which is 5% on average. Prediction of the clinical course of the disease enables appropriate management planning by the physician and prompt transportation, if needed, of the patient to a tertiary care hospital for an intensive therapy. Thus, predicting the outcome of the disease may avert potential mortality. There are numerous studies investigating the prognostic factors of CCHF in the literature. Majority of them were reported from Turkey and included investigations on clinical and biochemical parameters, severity scoring systems and some novel biomarkers. Somnolence, bleeding, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes and prolonged bleeding times are the most frequently reported prognostic factors to predict the clinical course of the disease earlier. High viral load seems to be the strongest predictor to make a clinical decision about the patient outcome. The severity scoring systems based on clinically important mortality-related parameters are especially useful for clinicians working in the field to predict the course of the disease and to decide which patient should be referred to a tertiary care hospital for intensive care. In the light of the pathophysiological characteristics of CCHF, some new biomarkers of prognosis including cytokines, soluble adhesion molecules, genetic polymorphisms and coagulopathy parameters were also investigated. However most of these tests are not available to clinicians and they were obtained mostly for research purposes. In spite of the various studies about prognostic factors, they have several inherent limitations, including large variability in the results and confusing data that are not useful for clinicians in routine practice. In this paper, the results of diverse studies of the prediction of the prognosis in CCHF based on epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of the disease were summarized and suggestions for future studies are provided.

Multi-center prospective evaluation of discharge criteria for hospitalized patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

INTRODUCTION: The information of discharge criteria in patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is limited. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical and laboratory parameters used in discharging the patients by the experienced centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was done in 9 reference centers of CCHF from May 1, 2015 to December 1, 2015 and included laboratory-confirmed patients with CCHF. The study was prospective, observational and non-interventional. RESULTS: The study included 260 patients. Mean age was 51.3 ± 16.3 years; 158 (60.8%) were male. Mean hospital stay was 7 ± 2.6 days. The decision of discharging was taken considering clinical and laboratory findings. On discharge, no patients had fever or hemorrhage. The patients were followed-up clinically and a repeat CCHF PCR was not studied. All centers considered the following criteria for discharge: no fever and hemorrhage, improvement in clinical findings and laboratory studies. For all patients except one, platelet count was >50,000/mm(3) and had a tendency to increase. Prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR) were normal in 258 (99.6%) and 254 (98.1%) patients respectively. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was either normal or not higher than 10-fold and had a tendency to decrease in 259 (99.6%) patients. ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were not taken as discharge criteria with priority. During 30 days following the discharge, complication, relapse, or secondary transmission were not reported. CONCLUSIONS: The discharging practice of the centers based on clinical and laboratory parameters seems safe considering no complications, relapses, or secondary infection thereafter. Current discharge practice of the centers composed of no fever and hemorrhage, improvement in clinical findings, platelet count of either >100,000/mm(3) or >50,000/mm(3) with a tendency to increase, and normal bleeding tests can be used as the criteria of discharge.

Apoptosis-Related Gene Expression in an Adult Cohort with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a life threatening acute viral infection characterized by fever, bleeding, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. It is a major emerging infectious diseases threat, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood and few data exist for the role of apoptosis in acute infection. We aimed to assess apoptotic gene expression in leukocytes in a cross-sectional cohort study of adults with CCHF. Twenty participants with CCHF and 10 healthy controls were recruited at a tertiary CCHF unit in Turkey; at admission baseline blood tests were collected and total RNA was isolated. The RealTime ready Human Apoptosis Panel was used for real-time PCR, detecting differences in gene expression. Participants had CCHF severity grading scores (SGS) with low risk score (10 out of 20) and intermediate or high risk scores (10 out of 20) for mortality. Five of 20 participants had a fatal outcome. Gene expression analysis showed modulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes that facilitate apoptosis in the CCHF patient group. Dominant extrinsic pathway activation, mostly related with TNF family members was observed. Severe and fatal cases suggest additional intrinsic pathway activation. The clinical significance of relative gene expression is not clear, and larger longitudinal studies with simultaneous measurement of host and viral factors are recommended.

Direct healthcare costs for patients hospitalized with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever can be predicted by a clinical illness severity scoring system.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in Turkey, with peak incidence of hospital admissions in the summer months. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the role of the severity grading score (SGS) in predicting length of hospital stay, laboratory usage, need for blood products, and hence total costs of patients. Thirty-five patients admitted to one specialist center in Turkey in 2013 and 2014 with PCR-proven CCHF. The mean (SD) age was 55 (±14) and 63% of the patients were male, with 8 (22.9%) mortality. Patients were classified by SGS into three groups with mortality as follows: low risk (0/19); intermediate (6/14); and high (2/2). The direct hospital cost of these admissions was at least $41 740 with median (range) of $1210 ($97-$13 054) per patient. There was a significant difference between low-risk and combined (intermediate-high) risk groups as 635 (97-1500) and 2264.5 (154-13 054), respectively (p = 0.012). In conclusion, a clinical grading score can be used to predict illness severity and to predict associated health care costs.

The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases.

The conflict in Syria is a big humanitarian emergency. More than 200,000 Syrians have been killed, with more than half of the population either having been displaced or having immigrated. Healthcare has been interrupted due to the destruction of facilities, a lack of medical staff, and a critical shortage of life-saving medications. It produced suitable conditions leading to the re-emergence of tuberculosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, polio, and measles. Lebanon and Jordan reported increased rates of tuberculosis among Syrian refugees. Cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks were noted not only in Syria but also in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. After a polio-free 15 years, Syria reported a polio outbreak. Ongoing measles outbreaks in the region was accelerated by the conflict. Iraq declared a cholera outbreak among the Syrian refugees. The healthcare facilities of the countries hosting immigrants, mainly Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt, are overburdened. The majority of the immigrants live in crowded and unsanitary conditions. Infectious diseases are big challenges for Syria and for the countries hosting immigrants. More structured support from international organizations is needed for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.