The Application of Interventional Radiology in Living-Donor Liver Transplantation.

Owing to improvements in surgical techniques and medical care, living-donor liver transplantation has become an established treatment modality in patients with end-stage liver disease. However, various vascular or non-vascular complications may occur during or after transplantation. Herein, we review how interventional radiologic techniques can be used to treat these complications.

Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Patients with Liver Transplantation: Comparison of Quick-Core Biopsy and Forceps Biopsy.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) using a Quick-Core biopsy needle or a forceps biopsy in patients with liver transplantation (LT) who were suspected of having rejection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 2015 to January 2017, 98 TJLBs (60 patients) with the Quick-Core biopsy needle and 95 TJLBs (58 patients) with a forceps biopsy system were attempted in patients with LT suspected of having rejection. Technical success, adequacy for diagnosis, number of biopsy instrument passes, the maximum and mean length of the obtained samples, and the complications were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: TJLB was technically successful in all patients. Adequate specimens were obtained in 95.9% of the biopsy needle group and 91.6% in the forceps group (p = 0.246). The mean number of biopsies was 4.8 ± 1.8 in the biopsy needle group and 6.2 ± 1.7 in the forceps group. The mean size of the biopsy sample was 11.1 ± 3.0 mm in the biopsy needle group and 2.5 ± 1.2 mm in the forceps group. Only one minor complication (a subcapsular hematoma) occurred in the biopsy needle group. No major complication was observed in any patient. CONCLUSION: TJLB using a Quick-Core biopsy needle or forceps can be safely and effectively performed in LT patients. The adequacy of sampling for diagnosis was equivalent between the groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4, case series.

Percutaneous stent-in-stent placement with large cell-type stents for malignant hilar biliary obstruction.

BACKGROUND: To overcome the technical difficulty of bilateral stent-in-stent placement, large cell-type biliary stents have been developed. However, most of the studies using large cell-type stents were conducted with endoscopic method. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous stent placement with a stent-in-stent method using large cell-type stents in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From December 2015 and October 2018, 51 patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction were retrospectively studied. All of the patients underwent bilateral (n=46) or unilateral (n=5) stenting in a T, Y, or X configuration with a stent-in-stent method using large cell-type stents. Technical success, complications, successful internal drainage, stent patency, and patient survival were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 118 stents were successfully placed in 51 patients (100.0%). Three patients had minor complications with self-limiting hemobilia. Major complications were not observed in any patient. Successful internal drainage was achieved in 45 patients (88.2%). Clinical follow-up information until death or the end of the study was available for 50 of 51 patients. The median patient survival was 285.5 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 197-374). Stent dysfunction occurred in 16 patients (35.6%) due to tumor ingrowth (n=9) or tumor ingrowth combined with biliary sludge (n=7) among the patients who achieved successful internal drainage. Median stent patency was 179 days (95% CI 104-271). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous stent-in-stent placement with large cell-type stents is technically feasible and safe, and can be an effective technique in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction.

Over 500 Liver Transplants Including More Than 400 Living-Donor Liver Transplants in 2019 at Asan Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: More than 400 liver transplants were performed at Asan Medical Center (AMC) in 2011, and over 500 liver transplants including 420 living-donor liver transplants (LDLTs) were performed in 2019. Herein, we report the methodology of these procedures. METHODS: Since the first adult LDLTs at AMC using the left and right lobes were successfully performed, various innovative techniques and approaches have been developed: modified right lobe, dual graft, donor exchange for ABO incompatibility, expansion of indications and no-touch techniques for hepatocellular carcinoma, intraoperative cine-portogram and additional intervention for large collaterals, management of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and stenosis, salvage LDLT after major hepatectomy, and timely LDLT for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty LDLTs in 403 adult and 17 pediatric patients and 85 deceased-donor liver transplants in 74 adult and 11 pediatric patients were performed. The number of deceased-donor liver transplants remained constant since 2011, but the number of LDLTs increased steadily. One hundred thirty patients (25.7%) required urgent liver transplantations and 24 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure underwent LDLT. PVT including grade 1,2,3, and 4 was reported in 91 patients (18.0%), and Yerdel's grade 2, 3, and 4 PVT was reported in 47 patients (51.6%); all patients with PVT were successfully treated. Adult LDLTs for hepatocellular carcinoma and ABO incompatibility accounted for 52.6% and 24.3% of the cases, respectively. In-hospital mortality in 2019 was 2.97%. CONCLUSION: Continual efforts to overcome challenging problems in LDLT with various innovations and dedication of the team members during the perioperative period to improve patient outcomes were crucial in increasing the number of liver transplantations at Asan Medical Center.

Life-Threatening Portal Flow Steal Reappearing Under Increased Intrahepatic Vascular Resistance After Living Donor Liver Transplantation.

Maintenance of adequate portal inflow is crucial for graft regeneration in adult living donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) to allow the recipients to meet their early metabolic demands. A persistent large spontaneous portosystemic shunt can divert portal flow away from the liver graft, leading to impaired or delayed graft regeneration and subsequent graft failure. The importance of obliterating huge portosystemic shunt during liver transplantation is obvious for successful ALDLT. However, in partial liver graft with a relatively small graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) (compared with deceased donor whole graft liver transplantation), even the persisting small portosystemic shunt may result in repeated portal flow steal when a liver graft faces increased intrahepatic vascular resistance caused by rejection or graft congestion with hepatic venous outflow stenosis. We present 2 complicated cases of reappearing portal flow steal that were derived from the remaining small portosystemic shunt under the increased vascular resistance of the liver graft, even after interruption of a large portosystemic shunt during ALDLT. Because ALDLT is always a partial liver graft, even when GRWR is over 1%, it is much more vulnerable to hemodynamic changes in portal flow by rejection or graft congestion by hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of complex portosystemic shunt and complete reinterruption of reappearing portosystemic shunt, even though small and insignificant, during ALDLT is important for graft salvage procedures before irreversible liver graft damage.

Percutaneous Biliary Metallic Stent Insertion in Patients with Malignant Duodenobiliary Obstruction: Outcomes and Factors Influencing Biliary Stent Patency.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the technical and clinical efficacy of the percutaneous insertion of a biliary metallic stent, and to identify the factors associated with biliary stent dysfunction in patients with malignant duodenobiliary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 70 patients (39 men and 31 women; mean age, 63 years; range, 38-90 years) who were treated for malignant duodenobiliary obstruction at our institution between April 2007 and December 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Variables found significant by univariate log-rank analysis (p < 0.2) were considered as suitable candidates for a multiple Cox's proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The biliary stents were successfully placed in all 70 study patients. Biliary stent insertion with subsequent duodenal stent insertion was performed in 33 patients and duodenal stent insertion with subsequent biliary stent insertion was performed in the other 37 study subjects. The median patient survival and stent patency time were 107 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 78-135 days) and 270 days (95% CI, 95-444 days), respectively. Biliary stent dysfunction was observed in 24 (34.3%) cases. Multiple Cox's proportional hazard analysis revealed that the location of the distal biliary stent was the only independent factor affecting biliary stent patency (hazard ratio, 3.771; 95% CI, 1.157-12.283). The median biliary stent patency was significantly longer in patients in whom the distal end of the biliary stent was beyond the distal end of the duodenal stent (median, 327 days; 95% CI, 249-450 days), rather than within the duodenal stent (median, 170 days; 95% CI, 115-225 days). CONCLUSION: The percutaneous insertion of the biliary metallic stent appears to be a technically feasible, safe, and effective method of treating malignant duodenobiliary obstruction. In addition, a biliary stent system with a distal end located beyond the distal end of the duodenal stent will contribute towards longer stent patency in these patients.

Sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and portal vein embolization before right hemihepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies showed that sequential selective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and portal vein embolization (PVE) provided better future liver remnant (FLR) regeneration rate and disease-free survival following surgery compared with PVE alone. The present study aimed to clarify whether preoperative sequential TACE and PVE before right hemihepatectomy can reduce postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and improve long-term disease-free and overall survival. METHODS: Recurrence and survival outcomes were retrospectively evaluated in 205 patients with HCC who underwent right hemihepatectomy by a single surgeon from November 1993 to November 2017. Patients were divided into four groups according to the procedure performed before the surgery: sequential TACE and PVE (TACE-PVE), PVE-only, TACE-only, or naïve control groups. The baseline patient and tumor characteristics, postoperative outcomes, recurrence-free survival and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Baseline patient and tumor characteristics upon diagnosis were similar in all four groups, while sequential TACE and PVE were well tolerated. The TACE-PVE group had a higher mean increase in percentage FLR volume compared with that of the PVE-only group (17.46% ± 6.63% vs. 12.14% ± 5.93%; P = 0.001). The TACE-PVE group had significantly better overall and disease-free survival rates compared with the other groups (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sequential TACE and PVE prior to surgery can be an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC scheduled for major hepatic resection. The active application of preoperative sequential TACE and PVE for HCC would allow more patients with marginal FLR volume to become candidates for major hepatic resection by promoting compensatory FLR hypertrophy without the deterioration of basal hepatic functional reserve or tumor progression.

Transjugular insertion of biliary stent in patients with malignant biliary obstruction complicated by ascites with/without coagulopathy: a prospective study of 12 patients.

PURPOSE: In patients with malignant biliary obstruction complicated by massive ascites, when endoscopy fails, safe routes for biliary decompression are needed as an alternative to percutaneous approach. We aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transjugular insertion of biliary stent (TIBS) in patients with malignant biliary obstruction complicated by massive ascites with or without coagulopathy. METHODS: From March 2012 to December 2017, a total of 12 consecutive patients with malignant biliary obstructions treated with TIBS were enrolled in this study. Five patients had jaundice and cholangitis, while seven had jaundice only. Clinical parameters including technical and clinical success rates and complications following TIBS were evaluated. Overall survival and stent occlusion-free survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: The indications for transjugular approach were massive ascites with (n=2) or without (n=10) coagulopathy. TIBS was technically successful in 11 of 12 patients. Clinical success was defined as successful internal drainage and was achieved in eight patients. The mean serum bilirubin level was initially 13.9±6.3 mg/dL and decreased to 4.9±5.3 mg/dL within 1 month after stent placement (P = 0.037). Two patients had procedure-related complications (hemobilia). During the follow-up period (mean, 30 days; range, 1-146 days), all 12 patients died of disease progression. The median overall survival and stent occlusion-free survival times were 19 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 16-22 days) and 19 days (95% CI, 12-26 days), respectively. There was no stent dysfunction in the eight patients that had successful internal drainage. CONCLUSION: TIBS appears to be safe, technically feasible, and clinically effective for patients with malignant biliary obstruction complicated by massive ascites with or without coagulopathy.

Chemoembolization Combined with Radiofrequency Ablation for Medium-Sized Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity-Score Analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare survival outcomes of patients with single medium-sized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) who underwent treatment with transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency (RF) ablation, or a combination of the 2 therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2016, 538 patients underwent combined chemoembolization and RF ablation (n = 109), chemoembolization alone (n = 314), or RF ablation alone (n = 115) as first-line treatment for a single medium-sized (3.1-5.0 cm) HCC. Baseline demographic data (age, sex, etiology, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, presence of liver cirrhosis, and serum bilirubin, albumin, and α-fetoprotein levels) were similar among groups except for Child-Pugh class, albumin level, and tumor size. Propensity-score analysis with inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to reduce any bias in treatment selection and other potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 46.2 months. Before IPW, overall survival (OS) durations were significantly different among the 3 groups (median, 85 months for combined therapy, 56.5 months for chemoembolization alone, and 52.1 months for RF ablation alone; P = .01). The 10-year OS rates were 40.1%, 25.5%, and 19.5% for the combined, chemoembolization-only, and RF ablation-only groups, respectively. After IPW, OS remained superior in the combined chemoembolization/RF ablation group compared with the monotherapy groups (10-y OS, 41.8% with combined therapy, 28.4% with chemoembolization alone, and 11.9% with RF ablation alone; P = .022). CONCLUSIONS: Chemoembolization plus RF ablation may provide better survival outcomes than chemoembolization or RF ablation monotherapy, and can be considered a viable alternative treatment for unresectable single medium-sized HCCs.

Transjugular Liver Biopsy Following Left Lobe or Lateral Segment Transplantation in Pediatric Patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transjugular liver biopsy in pediatric patients with left lobe or lateral segment liver transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of data from 104 transjugular liver biopsies (57 children) using an 18- or 19-G biopsy needle. Transjugular liver biopsy was selected due to coagulopathy and/or ascites in 56 (54%) procedures. The median patient age, body weight, and interval from liver transplantation were 56 months, 16 kg, and 2 months, respectively. Technical success was defined as adequate liver specimens yield determined by the operator at the time of procedure. Complications, the longest length of obtained liver specimens according to needle type, and adequacy for histological diagnosis were analyzed. RESULT: Biopsy using a biopsy needle was successfully achieved in 103 procedures (99%). In one procedure, liver samples were obtained using biopsy forceps following unsuccessful attempts with a biopsy needle. Major complication occurred in one procedure following biopsies using both a biopsy needle and biopsy forceps. The patient received transfusion to manage decreased blood pressure and hemoglobin levels although post-biopsy venography did not show extravasation. The median longest length of liver specimens using 18-G (n = 63) and 19-G (n = 40) needles were 10 mm (range, 5-20) and 10 mm (range, 5-20), respectively (p = 0.704). Liver specimens were adequate for histological diagnosis in all procedures. CONCLUSION: Transjugular liver biopsy using a biopsy needle appears to be a safe and effective method to obtain liver specimens for histological diagnosis in pediatric patients with left lobe or lateral segment liver transplant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4, case series.

Percutaneous Metallic Stent Placement for Palliative Management of Malignant Biliary Hilar Obstruction.

Objective: To investigate the outcomes of percutaneous metallic stent placements in patients with malignant biliary hilar obstruction (MBHO). Materials and Methods: From January 2007 to December 2014, 415 patients (mean age, 65 years; 261 men [62.8%]) with MBHO were retrospectively studied. All the patients underwent unilateral or bilateral stenting in a T, Y, or crisscross configuration utilizing covered or uncovered stents. The clinical outcomes evaluated were technical and clinical success, complications, overall survival rates, and stent occlusion-free survival. Results: A total of 784 stents were successfully placed in 415 patients. Fifty-five patients had complications. These complications included hemobilia (n = 19), cholangitis (n = 13), cholecystitis (n = 11), bilomas (n = 10), peritonitis (n = 1), and hepatic vein-biliary fistula (n = 1). Clinical success was achieved in 370 patients (89.1%). Ninety-seven patients were lost to follow-up. Stent dysfunction due to tumor ingrowth (n = 107), sludge incrustation (n = 44), and other causes (n = 3) occurred in 154 of 318 patients. The median overall survival and the stent occlusion-free survival were 212 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 186-237 days) and 141 days (95% CI, 126-156 days), respectively. The stent type and its configuration did not affect technical success, complications, successful internal drainage, overall survival, or stent occlusion-free survival. Conclusion: Percutaneous stent placement may be safe and effective for internal drainage in patients with MBHO. Furthermore, stent type and configuration may not significantly affect clinical outcomes.

Long-Term Outcome of Portal Vein Stent Placement in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: A Comparison with Balloon Angioplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of stent placement versus balloon angioplasty for portal vein (PV) stenosis in pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients (<18 years old; median, 14 months) who underwent percutaneous transhepatic balloon angioplasty (n = 12), transhepatic stent placement (n = 18), or intraoperative transmesenteric stent placement (n = 20) between 1994 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The median intervals from LT to percutaneous transhepatic angioplasty, stent, and intraoperative stent were 145 days (range, 27-2072), 98 days (range, 5-2289), and 0 days (range, 0-14), respectively. The primary study endpoint was the primary patency of each group. Secondary study endpoints included procedural complications, functional stent stenosis, and stent fractures. RESULTS: The median clinical follow-up periods were 81 months (range, 13-179), 118 months (range, 65-181), and 112 months (range, 47-168) in each group, respectively. In the angioplasty group, the 1-, 5-, and 10-year primary patency rates were all 75% ± 13%. The corresponding rates were all 100% in the percutaneous transhepatic stent group and 90% ± 7%, 90% ± 7%, and 85% ± 8%, respectively, in the intraoperative transmesenteric stent group (P = .103). Major procedural complications occurred in 4 patients, including 1 case with PV tear after percutaneous transhepatic post-stent angioplasty, and 3 cases with acute PV thrombosis after intraoperative transmesenteric stent. Functional stent stenosis and stent fractures occurred in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant difference was observed between the 3 groups in terms of the long-term primary patency rates. Therefore, angioplasty should be considered first to treat PV stenosis in pediatric LT recipients.

Double-Stent System with Long Duodenal Extension for Palliative Treatment of Malignant Extrahepatic Biliary Obstructions: A Prospective Study.

Objective: To investigate the technical safety and clinical efficacy of a double-stent system with long duodenal extension in patients with malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Materials and Methods: This prospective study enrolled 48 consecutive patients (31 men, 17 women; mean age, 61 years; age range, 31-77 years) with malignant extrahepatic biliary obstructions from May 2013 to December 2015. All patients were treated with a double-stent system with long duodenal covered extension (16 cm or 21 cm). Results: The stents were successfully placed in all 48 patients. There were five (10.4%) procedure-related complications. Minor complications were self-limiting hemobilia (n = 2). Major complications included acute pancreatitis (n = 1) and acute cholecystitis (n = 2). Successful internal drainage was achieved in 42 (87.5%) patients. Median patient survival and stent patency times were 92 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 61-123 days) and 83 days (95% CI, 46-120 days), respectively. Ten (23.8%) of the 42 patients presented with stent occlusion due to food impaction with biliary sludge, and required repeat intervention. Stent occlusion was more frequent in metastatic gastric cancer patients with pervious gastrectomy, but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.069). Conclusion: Percutaneous placement of a double-stent system with long duodenal extension is feasible and safe. However, this stent system does not completely prevent stent occlusion caused by food reflux.

Plug-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for the Treatment of Gastric Varices: The Role of Intra-Procedural Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

Objective: To investigate the technical and clinical outcomes of plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (PARTO) for the treatment of gastric varices (GV) and to evaluate the role of intra-procedural cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) performed during PARTO to confirm its technical success. Materials and Methods: From January 2016 to December 2016, 17 patients with GV who had undergone PARTO were retrospectively evaluated. When the proximal part of the afferent vein was identified on a fluoroscopy, non-contrast CBCT images were obtained. In patients with incomplete embolization of GV, an additional injection of gelatin sponges was performed. Follow-up data from contrast-enhanced CT and upper intestinal endoscopy, as well as clinical and laboratory data were collected. Results: Plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration procedures were technically successful in all 17 patients. Complete embolization of GV was detected on CBCT images in 15 patients; whereas, incomplete embolization was detected in two. Complete embolization of GV was then achieved after an additional injection of gelatin sponges in these two patients as demonstrated on the 2nd CBCT image. The mean follow-up period after PARTO was 193 days (range, 73-383 days). A follow-up CT obtained 2-4 months after PARTO demonstrated marked shrinkage or complete obliteration of GV and portosystemic shunts in all 17 patients. There were no cases of variceal bleeding during the follow-up. Conclusion: Plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration is technically and clinically effective for the treatment of GV. In addition, intra-procedural CBCT can be an adjunct tool to fluoroscopy, because it can provide an immediate and accurate evaluation of the technical success of PARTO.

Role of percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute acalculous cholecystitis: clinical outcomes of 271 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). METHODS: The study population comprised 271 patients (mean age, 72 years; range, 22-97 years, male, n=169) with AAC treated with PC with or without subsequent cholecystectomy. Clinical data from total 271 patients were analysed, and outcomes were assessed according to whether the catheter was removed or remained indwelling. Patient survival and recurrence rates were calculated. RESULTS: Symptom resolution and significant improvement of laboratory test values were achieved in 235 patients (86.7%) within 4 days after PC. Complications occurred in six patients (2.2%). Interval elective cholecystectomy was performed in 127 (46.8%) patients. Among the remaining 121 patients, successful removal of the PC catheter was achieved in 88 patients (72.7%) at a mean of 30 days (range, 4-365 days). Of the catheter removal group, 86/88 (97.7%) were successfully treated with the initial PC, whereas two (2.3%) experienced recurrence of cholecystitis. Cumulative recurrence rates were 1.1%, 2.7%, and 2.7% at 1, 2, and 8 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The good therapeutic outcomes of PC and low recurrence rate suggest that PC can be a definitive treatment option in the majority of AAC patients. KEY POINTS: • Many patients with AAC are too ill to undergo cholecystectomy. • PC in AAC patients shows low complication and recurrence rate. • PC solely can be a definitive treatment option in the majority of AAC patients.

New intermediate-stage subclassification for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial chemoembolization.

BACKGROUND & AIM: The need for a subclassification of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) intermediate-stage (BCLC B) has arisen because of its diversity. We evaluated the prognostic capability of the BCLC B subclassification proposed by Bolondi et al. in patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Furthermore, we introduce a new subclassification for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using a new parameter related to tumour burden (up-to-11 criteria). METHODS: Of 3268 patients treated with TACE as first-line treatment, 821 patients with intermediate-stage HCC were included in this study. RESULTS: According to the Bolondi subclassification, 208 (25.3%), 529 (64.5%), 43 (5.2%) and 41 (5%) patients were in B1, B2, B3 and B4 respectively. The B1, B2 and B3 subclasses in the Bolondi system showed significantly different survival between contiguous stages with median survival of 51.5, 26 and 14.8 months, respectively (both P<.001 for B1 vs B2 and B2 vs B3); however, survival was rather worse in B3 than B4 (14.8 vs 25 months, P=.025). According to the newly proposed subclassification, 410 (50%), 364 (44.3%) and 47 (5.7%) patients were in B1, B2 and B3 respectively. The median survival progressively decreased from B1 (44.8 months) to B2 (21.5 months) and B3 (11.3 months), with a significant difference between contiguous stages (both P<.001 for B1 vs B2 and B2 vs B3). CONCLUSIONS: Our new BCLC B substaging system, with up-to-11 criteria and Child-Pugh class as main parameters, has excellent discriminatory power to subclassify TACE-treated patients into three prognostic substages.

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Gastrointestinal Bleeding Associated with Gastric Carcinoma: Prognostic Factors Predicting Successful Hemostasis and Survival.

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for gastric cancer-related gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and factors associated with successful TAE and improved survival after TAE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 43 patients (34 men; age 60.6 y ± 13.6) with gastric cancer-related GI bleeding undergoing angiography between January 2000 and December 2015. Clinical course, laboratory findings, and TAE characteristics were reviewed. Technical success of TAE was defined as target area devascularization, and clinical success was defined as bleeding cessation with hemodynamic stability during 72 hours after TAE. Student t test was used for comparison of continuous variables, and Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify predictors of successful TAE and 30-day survival after TAE. RESULTS: TAE was performed in 40 patients. Technical and clinical success rates of TAE were 85.0% and 65.0%, respectively. Splenic infarction occurred in 2 patients as a minor complication. Rebleeding after TAE occurred in 7 patients. Death related to bleeding occurred in 5 patients. Active bleeding (P = .044) and higher transfusion requirement (3.3 U ± 2.6 vs 1.8 U ± 1.7; P = .039) were associated with TAE failure. Successful TAE predicted improved 30-day survival after TAE on univariate and multivariate analysis (P = .018 and P = .022; odds ratio, 0.132). CONCLUSION: TAE for gastric cancer-associated GI bleeding may be a lifesaving procedure. Severe bleeding with a higher transfusion requirement and active bleeding on angiography predicted TAE failure.

Arterial dissections during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a 19-year clinical experience at a single medical institution.

Background Arterial dissections during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) procedures are not rare and can limit the successful treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Purpose To evaluate the incidence of arterial dissections during TACE procedures, the rate of spontaneous lumen recovery, and the predictive factors of dissecting stenosis during follow-up. Material and Methods Based on 69,651 TACE procedures from 1997 to 2016, patients who had procedure-related arterial dissections were identified by procedure report search. More than two months after the date of dissection, dissecting stenosis was evaluated using a three-grade scale: subclinical narrowing with diameter loss under 30%, overt stenosis with diameter loss over 30%, and occlusion. Pearson Chi-square and two-sample t-test were used to assess potential prognostic markers for dissecting stenosis. Results Eighty-four arterial dissections directly related to TACE were identified in 83 patients, resulting in an incidence of 0.12% (84/69651). After more than two months, normal or subclinical narrowing, overt stenosis, occlusion, and doubling were seen in 39 (46.4%), 26 (31.0%), 13 (15.5%), and one (1.2%) patients, respectively. No follow-up images were obtained for five (6.0%) patients. On univariate analysis, the dissection ratio (the ratio of the length to the diameter of the dissection) alone was related to dissecting stenosis ( P = 0.035). Conclusion The incidence of iatrogenic dissection during TACE was approximately 0.12%. Less than 50% of the iatrogenic dissections showed normal or subclinical narrowing during follow-up of at least two months. The dissection ratio alone was the predictive factor for dissecting stenosis during follow-up.

Endovascular management for significant iatrogenic portal vein bleeding.

Background Despite conservative treatment, hemorrhage from an intrahepatic branch of the portal vein can cause hemodynamic instability requiring urgent intervention. Purpose To retrospectively report the outcomes of hemodynamically significant portal vein bleeding after endovascular management. Material and Methods During a period of 15 years, four patients (2 men, 2 women; median age, 70.5 years) underwent angiography and embolization for iatrogenic portal vein bleeding. Causes of hemorrhage, angiographic findings, endovascular treatment, and complications were reported. Results Portal vein bleeding occurred after percutaneous liver biopsy (n = 2), percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (n = 1), and percutaneous cholecystostomy (n = 1). The median time interval between angiography and percutaneous procedure was 5 h (range, 4-240 h). Common hepatic angiograms including indirect mesenteric portograms showed active portal vein bleeding into the peritoneal cavity with (n = 1) or without (n = 2) an arterioportal (AP) fistula, and portal vein pseudoaneurysm alone with an AP fistula (n = 1). Successful transcatheter arterial embolization (n = 2) or percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (n = 2) was performed. Embolic materials were n-butyl cyanoacrylate alone (n = 2) or in combination with gelatin sponge particles and coils (n = 2). There were no major treatment-related complications or patient mortality within 30 days. Conclusion Patients with symptomatic or life-threatening portal vein bleeding following liver-penetrating procedures can successfully be managed with embolization.