[(EXPERIENCE WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORRMATION SYSTEMS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (AS AN EXAMPLE OF MALARIA AND DIROFILARIASIS)].

The effective application of GIS against parasitic diseases requires the patterns of spread of parasitic diseases in certain natural, climatic, and socioeconomic conditions of different regions where there are epidemically effective carriers. The epidemiological parameters defining a high risk of an epidemiological process after P.vivax importation into Russia were calculated using the developed HealthMapper controlled module with a database. Analysis of the average long-term air temperatures in the administrative territories of Russia over 78 years, namely July, the warmest month of the year when there are the largest numbers of all types of mosquito vectors and high levels of microfilaria in the peripheral blood of in- fected dogs (definitive hosts), has shown that the northern border of the maximum possible area of dirofilariasis in Russia is most fully described by the +14C July isotherm.

[Results of studies of human dirofilariasis in Russia].

Human dirofilariasis is a pressing health problem in Russia. By 2014, there have been as many as 850 Dirofilaria repens-infested people living in 42 subjects of the Russian Federation. One of the favorable factors for circulation and spread of invasion is a temperature of above +20-24 degrees C; when the latter is maintained during at least 20 days there may be 1.-1.5 circulations of invasion in the carrier and a 2.8-fold increase in transmission intensity. The border ofa dirofilariasis area with a temperate climate is southward to 58 degrees N in European Russia and West Siberia and southward to 50 degrees N in the Far East. The conditions in the human body have been found to be more favorable for the development of Dirofilaria than considered before and allow the helminth to achieve sexual maturity and to propagate. If man has microfilaremia, he may be a source of invasion. It is necessary to examine venous blood by the enrichment method and, if possible, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay, which make it possible to establish a diagnosis in occult invasion and to identify a pathogen species.

[Entomological monitoring of an area to assess Dirofilaria transmission risk].

As the basis for entomological monitoring, the authors first propose to investigate the structure of a season of D. repens invasion transmission in the carrier in relation to the ambient temperature, such as onset of a transmission season, terminaton of mosquito infection, the number of invasion circulations. A calculating procedure has been developed. It is shown that there is a need for entomological monitoring of each specific area irrespective of the latitude to study a risk for local dirofilariasis cases.

[Human dirofilariasis: clinical and diagnostic signs and diagnostic methods].

The clinical and diagnostic signs caused by the tissue location and migration of adult Dirofilaria in the human body determine the use of different methods for the diagnosis of dirofilariasis. During their investigations, the authors modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR): they chose and synthesized primers and selected amplification regimens for them and obtained agarose gel bands that corresponded to PCR fragment length nucleotide sequences that were equal to 245 bp for D. (N.) repens and 656 bp for D. immitis. There was 100% agreement in the results of PCR and microscopic examination of sera from 32 dogs and 1 female patient with low parasitemia and in the blood nucleotide sequence characteristic of D. repens.

[Dirofilariasis in the Moscow Region, a low disease transmission risk area].

The spread of canine and human dirofilariasis was first studied in the Moscow Region, a low disease transmission risk area. D.repens infestation was found to have a tendency to increase in Moscow residents with the imported cases being predominant. In 33 (84.6%) districts of the Moscow Region, dogs were registered to have D. immitis and D. repens infestation, with the former being preponderant in 31 districts. An original map of dirofilariasis distribution was compiled with the areas being singled out at a distance of Moscow: 15-20 km (6 districts) (the first ring); as long as 70 km (11 districts) (the second ring), and over 70 km (16 districts) where infestation rates greatly varied in both the number of infected animals and human beings and the species of causative agents.

[Human dirofilariasis: diagnosis and the pattern of pathogen-host relations].

Until recently, there has been no consensus of opinion as to that D.repens females can develop in the accidental host (man). The role of man is regarded as a biological dead end for Dirofilaria that are unable to develop the adult stage; human Dirofilaria migration is considered to be larval by the type of larva migrans. Studying these matters on a specific material of 140 cases of invasion by Dirofilaria that had been eliminated in patients in different seasons and the length of their bodies measured showed that the maximum number (51.4%) was mature females, 120 to 190 mm in size; 35.7 and 12.85% had a length of 70-115 and 40-65 mm, respectively, which corresponds to immature young and juvenile specimens. This suggests that Dirofilaria normally develop and achieve the adult stage in the accidental host. A correlation was found in the sizes of the body and the time of D. repens development. Thus, the human organism is not a biological dead end for Dirofllaria. The migration of adult Dirofilaria should be appraised as the imago-migrans phenomenon: As the particular diagnostic sign, it will aid a physician to establish a correct parasitiological diagnosis at the early stages of the disease. In recent years, there has been new evidence in the diagnosis of dirofilariasis that microfilaria have been detected in the skin tumor puncture specimen and blood of the patients. In this connection, it is conceivable that man may be an actual source of mosquito infection even in the presence and paucity of mature males and females.

[Formation of the synanthropic foci of dirofilariasis in Russia].

Investigation of the formation of urban synanthropic foci of dirofilatiasis in an area of large accumulations of dogs is of scientific and practical interest due to the increased number of infested inhabitants of large towns.

[The first case of diagnosis of dirofilariasis from the microfilariae detected in the human subcutaneous tumor punctate]. / Pervyi sluchai diagnostiki dirofiliarioza po mikrofiliariiam, obnaruzhennym v punktate podkozhnoi opukholi cheloveka.

The paper describes the first case of diagnosis of dirofilariasis from the microfilariae detected in the subcutaneous tumor punctate from a person who has the clinical manifestations of D. repens invasion and resides in the Saratov Region that is endemic in dirofilariasis. The fact of detection of microfilariae in the man undergone invasion is assessed not only as the first case in the lifetime diagnosis of the first case of diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariasis, but also as the first case of verification of that a female can achieve sexual maturity in the organism of an accidental host and its impregnation if there are even single specimens of both sexes, which is characteristic in human invasiveness. On this basis, the authors consider it wrong to refer this helminthiasis to as a group of diseases defined as "Larva migrans cutaneous" since this is inconsistent with the biology of a causative agent that accomplishes migration at the adult stage in the host's organism and does not orient a physician to establish a correct clinical and parasitological diagnosis.

[Human dirofilariasis in the Moscow region]. / Difiliarioz cheloveka v Moskovskom regione.

Dirofilaria repens Railliet et Henry, 1911 was for the first time studied in the Moscow Region where 11 patients (6 males and 5 females) aged 4-72 years were recorded in 2000-2002. The geographical distribution (the southern and south-eastern parts of the region) of local cases of dirofiliriasis, was observed. There was a relatively high rate of D. repens in the male genitalia of the infected patients as compared with that reported by other authors. In accordance with the current terminology, D. repens in the Moscow Region is proposed to be regarded as emerging infection. The authors show it necessary to obligatorily record all autochtonous cases of D. repens infection, to make epidemiological surveillance and analysis in order to early detect and prevent dirofilariasis-associated complications.

[Clinical and parasitological diagnosis of human dirofilariasis]. / Klinicheskii i parazitologicheskii diagnoz dirofiliarioza cheloveka.

The paper reports two new cases of human dirofiliriasis (its causative agent is Dirofiliria repens) with a rare clinical diagnosis of funiculitis of the right scrotal spermatic cord in a 12-year-old boy from the Tambov Region and of erysipelatous inflammation of the outer side of the right leg in a 68-year-old woman who resides in Moscow and lives in her country house in the Shakhovsky District, Moscow Region, in summer. Both cases of invasion are regarded as local. The bodies of the D. repens females detected measured 110 x 0.476-0.48 and 135 x 0.56-0.60 mm, respectively, and the females were identified as impubertal and pubertal, but infecund. In the former case, dirofiliriasis was an etiological factor of spermatic cord funiculitis. In the latter case, the location of Dirofiliria provoked prolonged (7-month) erysipelatous inflammation. Emphasis is placed on the implication of dirofiliriasis in human pathology. To have a more intimate knowledge of parasitic etiology will help physicians in making a differential diagnosis of dirofiliriasis and in elaborating a correct treatment policy after a clinical and parasitological diagnosis is established.

[Dirofilariasis in the countries of the CIS: an analysis of the cases over the years 1915-1996]. / Dirofiliarioz v stranakh SNG: analiz sluchaev za 1915--1996 gody.

A hundred and fourteen cases of subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens were described in the CIS in 1915-1996. The mean age of the patients was 38.4 years (from 3 to 70 years). Dirofilaria was found in the eye in 45.9% of cases, in the head and neck in 17.5%, in the arms and hands in 11.7%, in the legs in 8.1%, in the viscera in 2 cases, and in the genitalia in 2 cases, they being prevalent in the body's right part. The north boundary of local infection cases was in latitude 53-54 degrees North. The maximum cases were detected in January and June. Dirofilariasis clinically appeared as a migrating subcutaneous tumor occasionally complicated by secondary abscess. The tumor generally contained an immature female, an immature male was found in one case. The sole treatment was surgical helminthic excision. There was a trend of subcutaneous dirofilariasis cases to increase in the RF in the past decades.

[The efficacy of the 1-day treatment of enterobiasis with medamine]. / Effektivnost' odnodnevnogo lecheniia énterobioza medaminom.

The Soviet anthelminthic agent medamine has been synthesized at the Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, USSR Ministry of Public Health and the Institute of Plant Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR and is produced at the Tashkent Chemical Pharmaceutical Plant. It is used for one-day treatment of enterobiasis which is to be repeated in 2-3 weeks. A daily drug dose is 10 mg per kg body weight, given 3 times a day after meals. The efficacy of therapy was 92 +/- 4% and 100 +/- 2% after the first and second course of treatment, respectively.