RESUMO
Pb isotope ratios are used for apportioning the sources of Pb in the blood of children (ages 1-6) screened for high blood Pb levels (>5 µg/dL) surrounding urban areas of Kansas City, MO. We compared Pb isotope ratios measured in the child's blood with those of the most likely sources of Pb in that child's home environment. The environmental sources sampled consisted of topsoils, paints, occupational sources (e.g., oil rig workers' uniforms, mechanics' clothes), indoor air filters, dusts, and dietary sources (e.g., spices). Blood lead levels (BLL) ranged from 2.9 to 12.7 µg/dL in children from the five homes participating in this study. Measurements of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios were made by multi-collector ICP-MS. Comparison of the Pb isotope ratios in home environment samples versus those in the child's blood in each home allowed the identification of possible sources of a child's Pb exposure in three homes. In five homes investigated, children's blood Pb levels were most likely to be derived from dusts inside, and topsoil outside, the homes, or a mixture thereof. In one case, blood Pb was derived from turmeric spice and, in another, the Pb was derived from paint. It is not always possible to directly link high BLLs to the environmental sources collected when Pb isotope ratios of the environmental samples did not overlap with those of the blood.
Assuntos
Poeira , Chumbo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cidades , Poeira/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Isótopos/análise , PinturaRESUMO
Torezolid (TR-700) is the active moiety of the prodrug torezolid phosphate ([TP] TR-701), a second-generation oxazolidinone with 4- to 16-fold greater potency than linezolid against Gram-positive species including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A double-blind phase 2 study evaluated three levels (200, 300, or 400 mg) of oral, once-daily TP over 5 to 7 days for complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). Patients 18 to 75 years old with cSSSI caused by suspected or confirmed Gram-positive pathogens were randomized 1:1:1. Of 188 treated patients, 76.6% had abscesses, 17.6% had extensive cellulitis, and 5.9% had wound infections. S. aureus, the most common pathogen, was isolated in 90.3% of patients (139/154) with a baseline pathogen; 80.6% were MRSA. Cure rates in clinically evaluable patients were 98.2% at 200 mg, 94.4% at 300 mg, and 94.4% at 400 mg. Cure rates were consistent across diagnoses, regardless of lesion size or the presence of systemic signs of infection. Clinical cure rates in patients with S. aureus isolated at baseline were 96.6% overall and 96.8% for MRSA. TP was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels. No patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse event. Three-stage hierarchical population pharmacokinetic modeling yielded a geometric mean clearance of 8.28 liters/h (between-patient variability, 32.3%), a volume of the central compartment of 71.4 liters (24.0%), and a volume of the peripheral compartment of 27.9 liters (35.7%). Results of this study show a high degree of efficacy at all three dose levels without significant differences in the safety profile and support the continued evaluation of TP for the treatment of cSSSI in phase 3 trials.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Organofosfatos , Oxazóis , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Organofosfatos/administração & dosagem , Organofosfatos/efeitos adversos , Organofosfatos/farmacocinética , Organofosfatos/uso terapêutico , Oxazóis/administração & dosagem , Oxazóis/efeitos adversos , Oxazóis/farmacocinética , Oxazóis/uso terapêutico , Oxazolidinonas/administração & dosagem , Oxazolidinonas/efeitos adversos , Oxazolidinonas/farmacocinética , Oxazolidinonas/uso terapêutico , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/microbiologia , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Questions regarding the digestive fate of DNA and protein from transgenic feed have been raised in regard to human consumption and commercial trade of animal products (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs) from farm animals fed transgenic crops. Using highly sensitive, well-characterized analytical methods, pork loin samples were analyzed for the presence of fragments of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein from animals fed meal prepared from conventional or glyphosate-tolerant Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans. Pigs were fed diets containing 24, 19, and 14% RR or conventional soybean meal during grower, early-finisher, and late-finisher phases of growth, respectively, and longissimus muscle samples were collected (12 per treatment) after slaughter. Total DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed by PCR, followed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of a 272-bp fragment of the cp4 epsps coding region (encoding the synthetic enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase derived from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4) and a 198-bp fragment of the endogenous soybean gene le1 (encoding soy lectin). Using 1 microgram of input DNA per reaction, none of the extracted samples was positive for cp4 epsps or le1 at the limit of detection (LOD) for these PCR/Southern blot assays. The LOD for these assays was shown to be approximately one diploid genome equivalent of RR soybean DNA, even in the presence of 10 micrograms of pork genomic DNA. A 185-bp fragment of the porcine preprolactin (prl) gene, used as a positive control, was amplified from all samples showing that the DNA preparations were amenable to PCR amplification. Using a competitive immunoassay with an LOD of approximately 94 ng of CP4 EPSPS protein/g of pork muscle, neither the CP4 EPSPS protein nor the immunoreactive peptide fragments were detected in loin muscle homogenates from pigs fed RR soybean meal. Taken together, these results show that neither small fragments of transgenic DNA nor immunoreactive fragments of transgenic protein are detectable in loin muscle samples from pigs fed a diet containing RR soybean meal.
Assuntos
DNA de Plantas/análise , Glycine max/genética , Músculo Esquelético/química , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Suínos/metabolismo , Ração Animal , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Southern Blotting/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Masculino , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Questions regarding the digestive fate of DNA and protein from transgenic grain have been raised in regard to human consumption and trade of animal products (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs) from farm animals fed transgenic crops. Using highly sensitive, fully characterized analytical methods, fragments of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA, as well as transgenic protein, were not detected in chicken breast muscle samples from animals fed YieldGard Corn Borer Corn event MON 810 (YG). Total DNA was extracted from breast muscle samples from chickens fed for 42 d with a diet including either 55 to 60% YG grain or 55 to 60% conventional corn grain. DNA preparations were analyzed by PCR followed by Southern blot hybridization for the presence of a 211-bp fragment of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ab gene and a 213-bp fragment of the endogenous corn gene sh2 (encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase). By using 1 microg of input DNA per reaction, none of the extracted samples was positive for cry1Ab or sh2 at the limit of detection for these PCR assays. A 396-bp fragment of the chicken ovalbumin (ov) gene, used as a positive control, was amplified from all samples showing that the DNA preparations were amenable to PCR amplification. By using a competitive immunoassay with a limit of detection of approximately 60 ng of CrylAb protein per gram of chicken muscle, neither the CrylAb protein nor immunoreactive peptide fragments were detectable in the breast muscle homogenates from chickens fed YG grain.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas , Galinhas , DNA de Plantas/análise , DNA Recombinante/análise , Músculo Esquelético/química , Nucleotidiltransferases , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Zea mays/genética , Ração Animal , Animais , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Southern Blotting , Endotoxinas/análise , Endotoxinas/genética , Glucose-1-Fosfato Adenililtransferase , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Proteínas Recombinantes/análiseRESUMO
Retention and promotion of current staff are highly desirable goals for today's clinical laboratory because recruitment and replacement are costly. In the face of balancing these costs with competition for technologists and limited upward mobility within the laboratory, a comprehensive career ladder that expands employee job horizons and gives depth to their jobs is a powerful tool for staff retention and, at the same time, increases the organization's productivity and recruitment potential.
Assuntos
Mobilidade Ocupacional , Pessoal de Laboratório Médico/classificação , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal/organização & administração , Descrição de Cargo , Laboratórios/organização & administração , Técnicas de Planejamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Groups of young and old adults read a 5 1/2 page passage of expository prose under one of two instructional treatments. Since previously observed deficits in older adults' memory may be due to the level of processing, one instructional treatment was intended to encourage deeper processing. Vocabulary and a measure of current reading activity were used as covariates. As with previous work, young adults recalled more than old adults and also had more intrusions in their recall protocols. There was no effect for instructional treatment but older adults showed the same sensitivity to the relative importance of information as younger adults.