Ameliorative property of Sesbania grandiflora on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In diabetic condition, endogenous glucose synthesis will be elevated due to defect in the action of vital enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which is the main cause for hyperglycemia. The current study was designed to explore the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy of Sesbania grandiflora flower (SGF) extract by evaluating the concentration of C-peptide, insulin, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), hemoglobin (Hb), glycogen and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities in diabetic rats. The study found to lower the level of glucose, HbA1C and simultaneously ameliorated concentrations of C-peptide, insulin, hemoglobin (Hb), glycogen and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities in SGF treated (250 mg/kg body weight for 45 days) diabetic rats. Moreover, SGF administered diabetic rats showed diminished consumption of food and water at the same time improved body weight. The results obtained from the present study were compared with glibenclamide treated (600 µg/kg body weight) diabetic rats. SGF were supplemented to normal rats to rule out toxic effect of SGF, to explore any significant alteration in the above parameters. Hence, the results depict that SGF modulated the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities through ameliorating the secretion of insulin and diminishing the level of glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetic rats by its bioactive compounds.

Attenuation of erythrocyte membrane oxidative stress by Sesbania grandiflora in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of Sesbania grandiflora flower (SGF) extract on erythrocyte membrane in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain, weighing 190-220 g, were made diabetic by an intraperitonial administration of STZ (45 mg/kg). Normal and diabetic rats were treated with SGF, and diabetic rats were also treated with glibenclamide as drug control, for 45 days. In this study plasma insulin and haemoglobin levels were decreased and blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation markers, and osmotic fragility levels were increased in diabetic rats. Moreover, erythrocytes antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxide, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were altered. Similarly, the activities of total ATPases, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, and Mg(2+)-ATPase were also decreased in the erythrocytes of diabetic rats. Administration of SGF to STZ-induced diabetic rats reduced blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels with increased levels of insulin and haemoglobin. Moreover, SGF reversed the protein and lipid peroxidation markers, osmotic fragility, membrane-bound ATPases activities, and antioxidant status in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that SGF could provide a protective effect on diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress-associated diabetic complications.

Brain oxidative damage restored by Sesbania grandiflora in cigarette smoke-exposed rats.

Cigarette smoking has been associated with high risk of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc., The present study was designed to evaluate the restorative effects of Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) on oxidative damage induced by cigarette smoke exposure in the brain of rats. Adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 90 days and consecutively treated with S. grandiflora aqueous suspension (SGAS, 1000 mg/kg body weight per day by oral gavage) for a period of 3 weeks. The levels of protein carbonyl, nitric oxide, and activities of cytochrome P450, NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase were significantly increased, whereas the levels of total thiol, protein thiol, non-protein thiol, nucleic acids, tissue protein and the activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase were significantly diminished in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke as compared with control rats. Also cigarette smoke exposure resulted in a significant alteration in brain total lipid, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids content. Treatment of SGAS is regressed these alterations induced by cigarette smoke. The results of our study suggest that S. grandiflora restores the brain from cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage. S. grandiflora could have rendered protection to the brain by stabilizing their cell membranes and prevented the protein oxidation, probably through its free radical scavenging and anti-peroxidative effect.

Oxidative stress in the brain of cigarette smoke-induced noxiousness: neuroprotective role of Sesbania grandiflora.

Cigarette smoking is concerned as a major risk factor in the development of various neurological disorders. Oxidative stress is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore, the present study was intended to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) against chronic cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage in rat brain. Adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 90 days and consecutively treated with S. grandiflora aqueous suspension (SGAS, 1,000 mg/kg body weight per day by oral gavage) for a period of 3 weeks. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status were analyzed in the brain. Rats exposed to cigarette smoke showed significant increase in conjugated diens (CD), hydroperoxides (HP) and malendialdehyde (MDA) levels with concomitant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E. Also cigarette smoke-exposure resulted in a marked increase in copper and decrease in zinc, manganese and selenium levels in brain. Administration of SGAS attenuates lipid peroxidation, enhanced the antioxidant status, restored the levels of micronutrients and retained the brain histology. The results of our study indicate that chronic cigarette smoke-exposure accelerates oxidative stress, thereby disquieting the brain defensive mechanism and S. grandiflora protects the brain from the oxidative damage through its biopotency.

Molecular assessment of c-H-ras p21 expression in Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a significant role in causing gastric cancer; the exact molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis have not yet been fully determined. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the role of c-H-ras p21 expression in H. pylori infection at different stages of disease progression from precursor lesions to gastric carcinoma. This study was carried out in 200 patients, consisting of normal gastric mucosa (n = 20), mucosa with chronic gastritis (n = 63), intestinal metaplasia (n = 20), dysplasia (n = 11), and gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 86), in which the H. pylori status have been analysed. The expression of c-H-ras p21 was studied at mRNA as well as protein level using RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The localization of c-H-ras p21 was also studied semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry. The RT-PCR and western blotting results of c-H-ras p21 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased in chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and gastric adenocarcinoma patients, respectively. Immunohistochemical study also showed the increased expression of c-H-ras p21 in the similar way. Overexpression of c-H-ras p21 might be due to H-ras mutation at codon 12 of ras gene family in H. pylori infection. The rate of expression of ras p21 was higher in the H. pylori-infected precursor lesions, chronic gastritis 49/56 (87.5%), intestinal metaplasia 16/17 (94%), and dysplasia 9/11(82%) whereas in the case of H. pylori negative cases these groups, show 12.5, 5.9, and 18.2%, respectively. The data suggested that H. pylori infection may increase the expression of c-H-ras p21 early in the process of gastric carcinogenesis.

Cardioprotective effects of Sesbania grandiflora in cigarette smoke-exposed rats.

Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death. It has been reported to contain large amounts of oxidants. This study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage in rats. Adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 90 days and consecutively treated with S. grandiflora aqueous suspension (SGAS, 1000 mg/kg body weight per day orally) for a period of 3 weeks. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in serum and cardiac lipid peroxidation product level were significantly increased while the activities of cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase then the levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E were significantly decreased in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Besides, copper level was elevated, whereas zinc, manganese, and selenium levels were significantly diminished in the heart of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Treatment with SGAS restored the antioxidant status and retained the levels of micronutrients. These results suggest that chronic cigarette smoke exposure increases the oxidative stress, thereby disquieting the cardiac defense system and S. grandiflora protects the heart from the oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.