Unmet Needs and Barriers to Assistive Technology in the Coastal Districts of Karnataka, India.

BACKGROUND: Assistive Technologies (AT), such as hearing aids, walking aids, prostheses, spectacles, can improve the quality of life and enable many to lead dignified lives. The rapid Assistive Technology Assessment (rATA) tool developed by World Health Organization (WHO) can measure the needs of AT and the barriers to accessing them. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the unmet needs and the usage of AT via the rATA tool in the coastal state of Karnataka in India. METHODOLOGY: A population-based survey was conducted among a total of 500 households - 250 from Mangalore and 250 from Udupi of Coastal Karnataka. The need for AT was assessed under six domains of activities, including mobility, seeing, hearing, communication, remembering, and self-care. RESULT: The mean age of study participants was 34.3 years with standard deviation of 21.2 years. 30.6% of the study participants reported the use of assistive products out of which 27.3% used one product and 2% used two products. 89.5% of assistive products were procured from private sector and only 4.1% was obtained from public sector. The level of difficulty in doing any activity increased with age. 301 participants reported out of pocket expenditure for assistive products with mean expenditure of Rs 2226.05 (S. D. 2204) per year. Spectacles, orthoses (spinal) and therapeutic footwear were most common assistive products with unmet need. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the urgent need to mainstream geriatric care policies which address functional difficulties among older people, resolve out-of-pocket spending through public private partnership for assistive technologies.

Shielding the Pier Abutment Using a Nonrigid Connector.

The attachment of a fixed partial denture (FPD) on a pier abutment may be necessary in some partially edentulous instances because of the pattern of lost teeth. Nonetheless, it has been noted that using a stiff FPD to restore two lost teeth and an intermediate pier abutment is not the best course of action. In this case, using a stiff connector concentrates the stresses on the pier abutment. In this situation, the pier abutment serves as a pivot, increasing the debonding of the fixed dental prosthesis and ultimately compromising the success of the FPD. Connectors that are not stiff can solve these issues. A nonrigid connector allows abutments to move independently and distributes shear forces to the supporting bone. Instead of the typical rigid connector, the nonrigid connector serves as a stress breaker between the retainer and the pontic.

Clinicoradiographic comparative evaluation of 1% melatonin gel plus platelet-rich fibrin over platelet-rich fibrin alone in treatment of Grade II furcation defects: A randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to evaluate and compare the effects of 1% melatonin gel plus platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and PRF alone in treatment of furcation defects, clinically and radiographically using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS: This split-mouth clinical trial included 23 patients with 46 bilateral Grade II furcation defects in first or second maxillary or mandibular molars. Control group was treated with PRF alone while the test group was treated with 1% melatonin gel and PRF. Clinical attachment level (CAL) and horizontal probing depth (HPD) were primary outcome parameters while secondary outcome parameters were pocket probing depth (PPD) and defect volume (DV) assessed at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Significantly greater mean reduction of PPD, HPD, and CAL gain was observed in test group (2.23 ± 0.41, 2.36 ± 0.68, and 2.97 ± 0.62 mm, respectively) in comparison with control group (2.83 ± 0.78, 2.85 ± 0.67, and 3.21 ± 0.86 mm, respectively) at 6 months. A significant reduction in the mean DV was exhibited radiographically in test group (1.06 ± 0.5 mm3 ) as compared with control group (3.94 ± 1.32 mm3 ) at the end of 6 months. Both the groups showed improvements in assessed parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In Grade II furcation defects the combination therapy of 1% melatonin + PRF shows a statistically significant degree of bone fill within the periodontal tissues and also better results in terms of decrease in PPD, HPD, and a greater CAL gain.

To study the association between various levels of cord serum albumin (CSA) and significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring interventions like phototherapy or exchange transfusion.

Introduction: Hyperbilirubinemia is most common normal physiological phenomenon in neonates affecting almost one third of newborn.it may lead to neuro disability leading to deafness and cerebral palsy which can be prevented if detected and treated as soon as possible. Albumin is produced in seventh week of intrauterine life and it can be measured by cord blood and in this study we can establish serum albumin with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and can be treated by phototherapy or exchange transfusion. Material and Method: The study consists of 55 randomly selected eligible term neonates delivered at Rajendra Institute of Medical sciences from March 2019 to August 2020. Conclusion: In this study, in term neonates, level of serum albumin in umbilical cord less than 2.8 g/dl has no correlation with occurrence significant hyperbilirubinemia, so a level <2.8 gm/dl of serum albumin in umbilical cord blood can be used as critical value indicator in triaging predict the risk of occurring of significant hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates.level >3.4 gm/dl is considered safe in neonates who are the candidates for early discharge in the absence of other risk factors.

Comparative evaluation of 1% melatonin gel in the treatment of intrabony defect: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of locally delivered 1% melatonin gel as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in treatment of intrabony defect in Stage III periodontitis, clinically, and radiographically using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: This split-mouth clinical trial randomly allotted 44 bilateral intrabony defect (in 22 patients) into two groups where Group I was treated with NSPT with locally delivered placebo gel while Group II was treated with NSPT with 1% melatonin gel. The intrabony defect fill measured from cemento-enamel junction (CEJ)-base of the defect (BD), and the difference in the measurement values of CEJ-BD from baseline to 6 months denoting the bone fill and bone volume evaluated at 6 months using CBCT were the primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures were change in probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index, and modified sulcus bleeding index recorded at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: Both the study groups showed improvements in assessed parameters, however, a significant gain in intrabony defect fill was observed in Group II (1.46 ± 0.58) as compared with Group I (0.50 ± 0.38) and change in bone volume for Group I was 21.4645 ± 8.8980 mm3 and for Group II was 51.8418 ± 30.2329 mm3 with P < 0.0001.The mean reduction in PD and gain in CAL was 3.90 ± 0.78 and 2.94 ± 0.80 in Group II and in Group I it was 3.23 ± 0.90 and 1.96 ± 0.80 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The use of 1% melatonin gel as an adjunct to NSPT is more beneficial in achieving better clinical and radiographic outcome at 6 months which indicates that adjunct use of melatonin gel to NSPT as a local drug delivery is preferred when compared with NSPT and placebo gel alone.

Solitary Neurofibroma of the Soft Palate: A Rare Entity.

The solitary neurofibroma is a benign tumor of neuronal origin uncommonly reported in the oral cavity. The possible association of this neoplasia with systemic pathologies, such as von Recklinghausen's disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia, makes its diagnosis fundamental. Solitary isolated neurofibroma of the soft palate not associated with von Recklinghausen's disease is an unusual tumor and probably only four cases have been reported in English literature previously. To the best of our knowledge, our case of soft palate neurofibroma in 17-year-old male represents the fifth reported in English literature, for which complete surgical excision was achieved with uneventful healing.

Perception of Buccal Corridor Space on Smile Aesthetics among Specialty Dentist and Layperson.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the perception of smiles with and without buccal corridor spaces (BCSs) among prosthodontists, orthodontists and laypersons on smile aesthetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Smiling photographs of subjects with wide BCSs were collected and digitally manipulated to eliminate the BCSs. Digitally altered and unaltered photographs were placed together and assessed for aesthetic appeal using visual analog scale of one to ten by prosthodontists, orthodontists, and laypersons. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA were applied to evaluate the collected data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 22), Epi Info 6.0, and GraphPad Prism, version 6.0. RESULTS: The total mean value scores of smiles with BCSs were significantly higher than those of smiles without BCSs (P < 0.001). Orthodontists and prosthodontists significantly appreciated BCSs and graded the smiles with BCSs to be much more attractive (P > 0.005). Laypersons rated the smiles with BCSs with greater mean values, but the difference in mean values of smiles with and without BCSs was not significant (P < 0.005). No significant difference was found between the perceptions of prosthodontists and orthodontists. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal that the smiles with BCSs were notably more desirable than the smiles without BCSs. Laypersons, orthodontists, and prosthodontists evaluated smiles differently. The smiles with BCSs were appraised much more pleasing by prosthodontists and orthodontists. Laypersons could not significantly appreciate BCSs, but rated smiles with BCSs as more acceptable.

Association of CYBA gene (-930 A/G and 242 C/T) polymorphisms with oxidative stress in breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress (OS) is a key characteristic feature in cancer initiation and progression. Among multiple cancers, NADPH oxidase (NOX) dependent free radical production is implicated in oxidative stress. P22phox, a subunit of NADPH oxidase encoded by the CYBA gene has functional polymorphisms associated with various complex diseases. The present study was aimed to examine the importance and association of the functional polymorphisms of CYBA gene (-930 A/G and 242 C/T) with the oxidative stress in breast cancer (BC) development and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have performed a case-control study on 300 breast cancer patients and 300 healthy individuals as controls to examine the role of CYBA gene -930 A/G and 242 C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using As-PCR and PCR-RFLP assays and its association with OS as measured by plasma MDA levels. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plots were generated using Haploviewtool and Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was applied to assess high-order interactions between the SNPs. The Insilco analysis has been performed to predict the effect of SNPs on the gene regulation using online tools. RESULTS: We have found that genotype frequencies of CYBA gene -930 A/G and 242C/T polymorphism were significantly different between controls and BC patients (p < 0.05). The haplotype combination -930G/242C and -930G/242T were associated with 1.44 & 1.56 folds increased risk for breast cancer respectively. Further, the MDA levels were higher in the patients carrying -930G/242C and -930G/242T haplotype (p < 0.001). Our results have been substantiated by Insilco analysis. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study suggest that GG genotype of -930 A/G polymorphism, -930G/242C and -930G/242T haplotypes of CYBA gene polymorphisms have shown association with higher MDA levels in breast cancer patients, signify that elevated oxidative stress might aid in increased risk for breast cancer initiation and progression.

Clinicopathological profile of central giant cell granulomas: An institutional experience and study of immunohistochemistry expression of p63 in central giant cell granuloma.

BACKGROUND: The central giant cell granuloma(CGCG) of bone constitutes about 10% of benign jawbone lesions. It affects females more often than males, mandible than maxilla. Biological behavior of CGCG ranges from a slow growing asymptomatic swelling to an aggressive process. True giant cell tumor (GCT) should be distinguished from CGCG. The histological distinction between these lesions depends on quite subtle differences. Expression of p63 has been demonstrated in GCT of bone conversely, has not been detected in CGCG. Therefore this short study attempts to study the expression of p63 in CGCG in conjunction with clinicopathological profile of the cases reported in the institute. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To review all the cases of CGCGs of the jaws reported in the institute from 1998 to 2015 and study their clinicopathological profile.To study the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p63 in CGCG cases. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The retrospective study reviewed records for clinically and histopathologically diagnosed cases of CGCG from the archives of department of Oral pathology. Data was recorded and analyzed. These cases were subjected for IHC analysis for expression of p63, also RANK, RANKL in selected cases to study the nature of giant cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This paper is an institutional experience of clinicopathological profile of diagnosed cases of CGCG. Clinicopathological findings were in concurrent with previous literature. Total number of cases was ten. Six occurred in females and four in males. Most of them occurred in the second decade, more commonly involving mandible. Three cases showed recurrence. Histologically most showed classical features. Expression of p63 showed negativity in all the cases in accordance with the previous studies. RANK and RANKL showed strong and diffuse immunoexpression in both mononuclear and giant cells. Thus study supports the finding that p63 expression can be used to differentiate between CGCG and GCT. However, more number of studies with larger sample size are required to confirm reliability of using p63 as a distinguishing marker between GCT and CGCG.

Sclerosing polycystic adenosis of lower lip: A new and rare salivary gland entity.

Sclerosing polycystic adenosis (SPA) was first described in 1996 by Smith et al. and was characterized by resemblance to epithelial proliferative lesions of the breast such as fibrocystic disease and sclerosing adenosis. Etiopathogenetically, it is generally believed to represent a nonneoplastic sclerosing and inflammatory process. The age range is broad (typically fourth decade), with a slight female predilection. The vast majority are parotid lesions, with very few in minor salivary glands. As of 2017, not more than 60 cases have been reported worldwide. Microscopically, it is characterized by a well-circumscribed to partially circumscribed tubulocystic proliferation of a gland within a sclerotic-fibrous stroma. Ductal epithelium showing variations such as foamy, mucous and apocrine are seen. We report a case of SPA of lower lip in a 70-year-old male.

GAPO Syndrome-A Rare Cause of Osteomyelitis of Jaws; Report of 4 Cases With a Brief Review of the Literature.

GAPO syndrome is characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and ophthalmic abnormalities. This very rarely reported syndrome affects various ethnic groups and can present with manifestations other than those usually reported. Pseudoanodontia is a rare clinical and radiologic manifestation that is always associated with GAPO syndrome. Osteomyelitis of the jaws is a less common disease that is usually attributed to odontogenic causes. This case report describes osteomyelitis of the mandible in a patient with GAPO syndrome. Further, an additional 3 cases of GAPO in the patient's family, with special emphasis on oral mucosal changes and pseudoanodontia, are discussed.

Study of salivary arecoline in areca nut chewers.

AIMS: Arecoline, a predominant alkaloid present in arecanut, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several oral diseases because of its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. The response of cultured cells to arecoline is highly dependent on its concentration; arecoline stimulates cultured cells above 0.1 µg/ml and is cytotoxic above 10 µg/ ml. Although this alkaloid seems important for areca nut induced oral diseases and carcinogenesis, little is known of the levels achieved before, during and after chewing. Also, it is prudent to understand its effects in arecanut chewers for a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis. Accordingly, the present study quantified the salivary arecoline levels in arecanut chewers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study participants were divided into Study Group A & B and Control Group C; unstimulated whole saliva was collected by spitting method for a period of 5 min. Then, participants in Group A and C chewed 0.5 g of areca nut without any other additives while in Group B were asked to chew 0.5 g of inert rubber base impression material. Stimulated whole saliva from all three groups was collected into graduated tubes during chewing at time intervals of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min. Then, all participants were asked to remove nut particles or inert rubber base material from the mouth, and saliva samples were collected further up to 20 min, changing tubes at 5 min interval. Salivary arecoline was quantitated by HPLC-MS. The tabulation and descriptive statistics of the study were carried out. RESULTS: In the present study, baseline levels of arecoline were zero in all three groups, whereas mean salivary arecoline levels during chewing were 76.93 ng/ml, 129.83 ng/ml and 64.83 ng/ml and after chewing were 196.17 ng/ml, 321.12 ng/ml and 43.75 ng/ml in Groups A, B and Control respectively, which were significantly higher than reported threshold levels. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study reveals that a significant amount of arecoline would be trapped in oral cavity, or being re-circulated between blood and saliva might have resulted in surprisingly high levels of arecoline even 10 mins after chewing in both groups after which the levels started declining. The higher levels of salivary arecoline achieved during and after chewing are enough to cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on oral tissues over a period of time in chronic chewers. The great differences in salivary arecoline levels achieved during chewing, may contribute to the variable response to areca nut seen in communities where this habit is widespread. Areca nut users have persistent background salivary arecoline levels long after chewing, whereas concentrations achieved are highly variable and consistent with a role in oral pre-malignancy and malignancy..

The position of the mental foramen in the north and south Indian populations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine and compare the position of the mental foramen MF in the north and south Indian populations using Panoramic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 Panoramic radiographs were selected from the archives of PMNM Dental College and the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, of which 50 radiographs belonged to a north Indian population and 50 radiographs belonged to a local population of Bagalkot Karnataka. The position of the MF was classified into 6 positions depending on the relationship to the mandibular teeth. The distance from the superior border of the MF to the lower border of the mandible was also measured. RESULTS: The most common position of the MF was along the long axis of the second premolar in the north Indian population and in south Indian populations it was found to be between the first and second premolar. Descriptive analysis was used to compare the distance between the superior border of the mental foramen and the lower border of the mandible bilaterally. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in the position of the MF between the north and south Indian populations.

Epidermoid cyst: Report of two cases.

Epidermoid cysts (ECs) are uncommon, benign cystic lesions derived from the entrapment of surface epithelium or more often from the aberrant healing of infundibular epithelium during an episode of follicular inflammation. ECs occur anywhere on the body, particularly along embryonic fusion lines, most commonly on the face, scalp, neck, chest and upper back. Head and neck ECs constitute only about 7%, whereas only 1.6% of ECs are reported in the oral cavity. They comprise <0.01% of all the oral cysts. Floor of the mouth, tongue, lips, palate, jaws, etc., are some of the reported sites of ECs in the oral cavity. Microscopically, ECs are lined with plain stratified squamous epithelium filled with laminated layers of keratin. Here, we report two rare cases of ECs, one occurring in the gingival aspect and other in the lower third of face. The cases are reported due to rarity of ECs in the head and neck region.

Morphological patterns of lip prints in Mangaloreans based on Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification.

INTRODUCTION: Cheiloscopy is the study of the furrows or grooves present on the red part or vermilion border of the human lips. The present study aims to classify the characteristics of lip prints and to know the most common morphological pattern specific to Mangalorean people of Southern India. For the first time, this study also assesses the association between gender and different lip segments within a population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 residents of Mangalore (100 males and 100 females) were included of age ranging from 18 years to 60 years. Materials used to take the impression of lips included red lipstick, A4 size white bond paper and cellophane tape. The prints obtained were scanned using a Canon Image Scanner and stored in a folder on a personal computer. The images were cropped and inverted in gray scale using Adobe Photoshop software. Each lip print was divided into eight segments and was examined. Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification (1970) was used to classify the types of grooves, and the results were statistically analyzed. Six types of grooves were recorded in the Mangalorean's lips. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Association between gender and different lip segments was tested using Chi-square analysis in the given population. RESULTS: In males, the groove Type I' was the highest recorded followed by Type III, Type II, Type I, Type IV and Type V in descending order. In females, Type I' was the highest recorded followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type I and Type V in descending order. CONCLUSION: Males and females displayed statistically significant differences in lip print patterns for different lip sites: lower medial lip, as well as upper and lower lateral segments. Only the upper medial lip segment displayed no statistically significant difference in lip print pattern between males and females. This shows that the distribution of lip prints is generally dissimilar for males and females, with varying predominance according to lip segment.

Storage Conditions of Conjugated Reagents Can Impact Results of Immunogenicity Assays.

Consistent performance of anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays through all stages of clinical development is critical for the assessment of immunogenicity and interpretation of PK, PD, safety, and efficacy. The electrochemiluminescent assays commonly employed for ADA measurement use drug conjugated with ruthenium and biotin to bind ADA in samples. Here we report an association between high nonspecific ADA responses in certain drug-naïve individuals and the storage buffer of the conjugated reagents used in a monoclonal antibody ADA assay. Ruthenylated reagents stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer had increased levels of aggregate and produced variable and high baseline responses in some subjects. Reagents stored in a histidine-sucrose buffer (HSB) had lower aggregate levels and produced low sample responses. In contrast to PBS, conjugated reagents formulated in HSB remained low in aggregate content and in sample response variability after 5 freeze/thaw cycles. A reagent monitoring control (RMC) serum was prepared for the real-time evaluation of conjugated reagent quality. Using appropriate buffers for storage of conjugated reagents together with RMCs capable of monitoring of reagent aggregation status can help ensure consistent, long-term performance of ADA methods.

Acoustic Neuroma Mimicking Orofacial Pain: A Unique Case Report.

Acoustic neuroma (AN), also called vestibular schwannoma, is a tumor composed of Schwann cells that most frequently involve the vestibular division of the VII cranial nerve. The most common symptoms include orofacial pain, facial paralysis, trigeminal neuralgia, tinnitus, hearing loss, and imbalance that result from compression of cranial nerves V-IX. Symptoms of acoustic neuromas can mimic and present as temporomandibular disorder. Therefore, a thorough medical and dental history, radiographic evaluation, and properly conducted diagnostic testing are essential in differentiating odontogenic pain from pain that is nonodontogenic in nature. This article reports a rare case of a young pregnant female patient diagnosed with an acoustic neuroma located in the cerebellopontine angle that was originally treated for musculoskeletal temporomandibular joint disorder.

Honey as an alternative fixative for oral tissue: An evaluation of processed and unprocessed honey.

BACKGROUND: Fixation is the most imperative step in the practice of diagnostic histopathology, which is intimately linked to 10% formalin. As a result of increasing concerns about the potential carcinogenicity of the formaldehyde, attempt to find safer alternatives is necessary. Honey has been shown to possess antimicrobial, antiviral and antimutagenic properties. Many studies have reported that honey possesses dehydrating and preserving effects also. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the fixative properties of processed and unprocessed honey in oral tissues followed by comparision with formalin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 12 different tissues. Each tissue was cut into 3 segments and were immediately fixed in bottles containing 10% unprocessed honey, 10% processed honey and 10% formalin, respectively, for 24 h at room temperature. After fixation, tissues were processed using the routine standard processing protocol followed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and percentage. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunn's multiple comparisons test and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for small sample size. A P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Data analysis was done by using software Minitab v14.0. RESULTS: When all the stained sections were assessed for the parameters, there was no statistically significant difference between tissues fixed in processed and unprocessed honey compared to formalin (P = 0.004). The tissue morphology and staining adequacy for diagnosis in honey fixed tissue was at par with formalin fixed tissue. Hence, our results suggest that both processed honey and unprocessed honey can be used as a safe alternative for formalin.

A comparative study of oral candidal species carriage in patients with type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus can have profound effects upon the oral tissues especially in patients with poor glycemic control being prone to severe and/or recurrent infections particularly candidiasis. The main aim was to study the association between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus and candidal carriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design comprised of previously diagnosed 30 patients each with type 1 diabetes mellitus (Group A) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Group B) and 30 age-, sex- and dental status-matched healthy non-diabetic individuals as controls (Group C). The saliva samples were collected and inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and chromogenic agar culture medium. Candidal colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml) values were determined. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed by χ(2) test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman's rank correlation and Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Data analysis showed statistically significant higher positive candidal growth in Group A and Group B when compared to Group C. The CFU/ml values were significantly higher in Groups A and B as compared with Group C. Significant positive correlation of CFU/ml with fasting blood sugar level and HbA1c% in both Groups A and B was seen. Oral signs and symptoms observed in diabetics were dry mouth, burning sensation, fissuring and atrophic changes of tongue and erythematous areas, which positively correlated with candidal load. CONCLUSION: The glycemic control status of the diabetic patients may directly influence candidal colonization. The quantitative and biochemical characterization allows better insight into the study of association of diabetes mellitus and candida.