Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers.

Background: Río Negro Province is endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE). A CE control program includes early diagnosis in humans. During 1980-1996, screening was done with serology and surgery was the unique choice of treatment. Since 1997, ultrasound (US) has been the method of choice for screening, and new choices of treatment for asymptomatic carriers are discussed in the CE guidelines. Methods: Between 1997 and 2016, 42 734 abdominal USs were performed, 192 new asymptomatic cases were diagnosed and underwent a protocol according to the size, location and type of cyst. Treatment options included active surveillance (US monitoring, 83 [43.3%]), antiparasitic (albendazole, 92 [47.9%]) and surgery (17 [8.8%], including percutaneous treatment). Results: After 7.7 y of follow-up, of the cases under active surveillance, 28 (33.7%) had to change treatment: 5 (6%) to surgery and 22 (26.5%) to albendazole. Of the patients treated with albendazole, 3 (3.2%) were operated on and 13 (14%) were treated with a second cycle of albendazole. Conclusion: As a result of the present study, resolution of CE in a non-surgical way with albendazole is confirmed to be effective in asymptomatic carriers with CE1 or CE3a cysts. An update eliminates the strategy of active surveillance in type CE1 cysts <3 cm and is replaced by treatment with antiparasitic in all asymptomatic cases with CE1 or CE3a cysts <10 cm. The update also limits follow-up to 12-18 months to evaluate those cases with non-response to antiparasitic and switch to a surgical option.

Early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cystic echinococcosis in remote rural areas in Patagonia: impact of ultrasound training of non-specialists.

UNLABELLED: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic, complex and neglected disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. The effects of this neglect have a stronger impact in remote rural areas whose inhabitants have no chances of being diagnosed and treated properly without leaving their jobs and travelling long distances, sometimes taking days to reach the closest referral center. BACKGROUND: In 1980 our group set up a control program in endemic regions with CE in rural sections of Rio Negro, Argentina. Since 1997, we have used abdominopelvic ultrasound (US) as a screening method of CE in school children and determined an algorithm of treatment. OBJECTIVES: To describe the training system of general practitioners in early diagnosis and treatment of CE and to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the field program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2000, to overcome the shortage of radiologists in the area, we set up a short training course on Focused Assessment with Sonography for Echinococcosis (FASE) for general practitioners with no previous experience with US. After the course, the trainees were able to carry out autonomous ultrasound surveys under the supervision of the course faculty. From 2000 to 2008, trainees carried out 22,793 ultrasound scans in children from 6 to 14 years of age, and diagnosed 87 (0.4%) new cases of CE. Forty-nine (56.4%) were treated with albendazole, 29 (33.3%) were monitored expectantly and 9 (10.3%) were treated with surgery. DISCUSSION: The introduction of a FASE course for general practitioners allowed for the screening of CE in a large population of individuals in remote endemic areas with persistent levels of transmission, thus overcoming the barrier of the great distance from tertiary care facilities. The ability of local practitioners to screen for CE using US saved the local residents costly travel time and missed work and proved to be an efficacious and least expensive intervention tool for both the community and health care system.

Programme for ultrasound diagnoses and treatment with albendazole of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers: 10 years of follow-up of cases.

UNLABELLED: Cystic echinococcosis is an endemic disease in the Province of Rio Negro, Argentina. Ultrasound surveys carried out in 1984 found prevalence rates of 5.6% in children between 6 and 14 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To describe and to evaluate the results of the strategy applied in school children by hospital services of the Province of Rio Negro with regard to diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of cystic echinococcosis and to evaluate simultaneously the results of the control program against cystic echinococcosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 1997 ultrasound was chosen to carry out population surveys and the medical treatment criteria for the detected cases were standardized. The population under study involved 5745 students in the first survey and 22,793 in subsequent studies. The detected cases were classified according to Gharbi's scheme. A treatment algorithm was defined based only on monitoring ("watch and wait"), albendazole, surgery (open or laparoscopic) or mini-invasive procedures, according to type, location and size of the cyst. Information was also obtained on cases notified to the Health System between 1980 and 2008. RESULTS: In the first survey, 70 carriers (1.2%) were detected; of these, 25 started albendazole treatment (35.7%) and only 3 (4.3%) underwent surgery. Ten years after treatment, 60.1% of 42 cases, presented Types IV and V cysts and 14.5% presented total involution of their cysts. In subsequent studies, 87 (0.4%) cases were detected, 49 of which started albendazole treatment (56.3%) and 9 underwent surgery (10.3%). The incidence rate of cystic echinococcosis cases decreased from 38×100,000 in 1980 to 3.7×100,000 in 2008. DISCUSSION: A strong decrease in cystic echinococcosis was obtained although persistent levels of transmission were maintained. The cases produced under these conditions are diagnosed by means of ultrasound surveys and are treated using a plan based on albendazole and monitoring by the Health System during a period of 10 years.

Portadores asintomaticos de hidatidosis : epidemiologia, diagnostico y tratamiento / Asymptomatic carriers of hydatidosis : epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Hasta hace poco tiempo, la hidatidosis se consideraba un estado patologico de resolucion exclusivamente quirurgica. Sin embargo, en los ultimos anos se ha avanzado en los campos de la epidemiologia, el diagnostico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad y la nueva informacion aportada sobre la historia natural de la hidatidosis ha permitido definir nuevos criterios de atencion. Ahora se sabe que hasta 67 por ciento de los portadores no sintomaticos de quistes hepaticos mantienen esa condicion durante toda la vida. Esta situacion genera resultados especiales en el inmuno-diagnostico. Asi, la inmunoadsorcion enzimatica (ELISA) rinde una sensibilidad de 63 por ciento y una especificidad de 97 por ciento en portadores asintomaticos, mientras que la doble difusion cinco (DD5) tiene una sensibilidad de solo 31 por ciento en esos portadores. Por otra parte, los estudios por imagenes basados en la ecografia se han transformado en el metodo de eleccion para detectar a los portadores no sintomaticos. Son de 49 a 73 por ciento mas sensibles que la serologia e incluso pueden utilizarse como parte del sistema de vigilancia epidemiologica y del monitoreo de programas de control. Tambien se han modernizado los esquemas de intervencion. El tratamiento quimioterapico de portadores asintomaticos con albendazol produce hasta 69 por ciento de respuestas favorables mientras que los tratamientos quirurgicos minimamente invasores como la puncion-aspiracion-inyeccion-reaspiracion (PAIR) producen una reduccion del volumen medio del quiste de hasta 66 por ciento. Estos factores han permitido instaurar un protocolo de tratamiento para portadores asintomaticos en los servicios hospitalarios de la Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. Este se basa en el seguimiento de los quistes pequenos (tipo Ia de la escala de Gharbi modificada), tratamiento inicial con albendazol y con PAIR si no hay respuesta, en los quistes de mayor tamano o complejidad (tipos Ib, II y III), y seguimiento de los quistes no vitales o muertos (tipos IV y V)

Portadores asintomaticos de hidatidosis: epidemiologia, diagnostico y tratamiento / Asymptomatic carriers of hydatidosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Hasta hace poco tiempo, la hidatidosis se consideraba un estado patologico de resolucion exclusivamente quirurgica. Sin embargo, en los ultimos anos se ha avanzado en los campos de la epidemiologia, el diagnostico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad y la nueva informacion aportada sobre la historia natural de la hidatidosis ha permitido definir nuevos criterios de atencion. Ahora se sabe que hasta 67 por ciento de los portadores no sintomaticos de quistes hepaticos mantienen esa condicion durante toda la vida. Esta situacion genera resultados especiales en el inmuno-diagnostico. Asi, la inmunoadsorcion enzimatica (ELISA) rinde una sensibilidad de 63 por ciento y una especificidad de 97 por ciento en portadores asintomaticos, mientras que la doble difusion cinco (DD5) tiene una sensibilidad de solo 31 por ciento en esos portadores. Por otra parte, los estudios por imagenes basados en la ecografia se han transformado en el metodo de eleccion para detectar a los portadores no sintomaticos. Son de 49 a 73 por ciento mas sensibles que la serologia e incluso pueden utilizarse como parte del sistema de vigilancia epidemiologica y del monitoreo de programas de control. Tambien se han modernizado los esquemas de intervencion. El tratamiento quimioterapico de portadores asintomaticos con albendazol produce hasta 69 por ciento de respuestas favorables mientras que los tratamientos quirurgicos minimamente invasores como la puncion-aspiracion-inyeccion-reaspiracion (PAIR) producen una reduccion del volumen medio del quiste de hasta 66 por ciento. Estos factores han permitido instaurar un protocolo de tratamiento para portadores asintomaticos en los servicios hospitalarios de la Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. Este se basa en el seguimiento de los quistes pequenos (tipo Ia de la escala de Gharbi modificada), tratamiento inicial con albendazol y con PAIR si no hay respuesta, en los quistes de mayor tamano o complejidad (tipos Ib, II y III), y seguimiento de los quistes no vitales o muertos (tipos IV y V)