Cancer survival in Thailand from 1997 to 2012: Assessing the impact of universal health coverage.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, many countries worldwide have implemented some form of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). We sought to evaluate incidence and survival trends of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer before and after the implementation of UHC in Thailand. METHODS: The age-standardized incidence rate and 1- and 5-year net survival (NS) were calculated for five Thai provinces, namely Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Lampang, and Songkhla for breast, cervix, and colorectal cancer in three study periods (1997-2012): before, during, and after the implementation of UHC. RESULTS: The incidence of breast and colorectal cancer has increased over time, while the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased (17.9-29.9, 9.0-13.6, and 19.6-12.3 per 100,000, respectively). Larger proportion of breast cancer were diagnosed with localized stage after UHC implementation compared to the period prior to UHC (31.5 % vs 19.0 %). Overall, The improvement in survival by cancer site varied in magnitude with a 5-year NS increase from 61.3 % to 75.1 % for breast, 55.4-59.5 % for cervical, and 39.9-47.6 % for colorectal cancer. The amount of increase slightly differed across provinces. CONCLUSION: Rising incidence for breast and colorectal, and declining cervical cancer may partly be attributable to improved awareness and early detection programs. Additionally, improvement in survival may partly be attributable to increased access to healthcare, availability of treatment, and increased access to cancer screening after UHC was implemented. Thus, continued expansion of UHC package on cancer could potentially contribute to further improvement of cancer control in Thailand. POLICY SUMMARY: This study provides important evidence on the impact of UHC in cancer burden and survival for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in Thailand. This study serves as an example for other countries where UHC has been recently implemented and guide policymakers in allocating resources towards UHC and cancer control programs.

Adult Height as a Risk Factor for Developing Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that a taller stature has a higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) than a shorter stature. However, most prior studies were conducted in the Western region, with few studies and inconsistent results for Asians. To our best knowledge, no previous research has investigated the population of ASEAN countries, which is generally shorter in stature than the Western population. We aimed to examine the association between adult height and CRC risk in a Thai population. METHODS: This population-based cohort study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Overall, 118 patients with CRC were histologically confirmed among 14,418 participants, who were recruited during 1990-2001 and followed up until December 31, 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain baseline data, including demographic and environmental variables. The exposure of interest was measured in height and defined on the basis of the last recorded measurement. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: Over a median of 21.7 years of follow-up (interquartile range: 19.9-25.6), 14,418 participants provided a total observation time of 303,899 person-years. The risk of CRC at the highest compared to the lowest height quintile was 1.29 (95% CI, 0.76-2.20; p=0.350). A trend similar to a U shape was observed (HR in Q1 vs. Q2=1.05; 95% CI, 0.62-1.75; Q1 vs. Q3=0.78; 95% CI, 0.43-1.39; Q1 vs. Q4=0.55; 95% CI, 0.29-1.05; and Q1 vs. Q5=1.29; 95% CI, 0.76-2.20). CONCLUSIONS: Although adult height was not statistically significant, its magnitude still indicated some clues to investigate as evidence, especially for people living in the context of ASEAN countries. Large-scale, comparable studies in such contexts should be considered for confirmation.

Survival of Cancer Patients with Co-Morbid Tuberculosis in Thailand.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the survival time and its related factors among cancer patients with co-morbid tuberculosis (TB) in Thailand. METHODS: We conducted this retro-prospective cohort study on cancer patients without co-morbid TB using the data from population-based cancer registry of Khon Kaen, TB databases from the Khon Kaen Central Hospital, and the Region 7 Office of Disease Prevention and Control from 2001 to 2015 to determine the onset of TB after cancer. The cancer patients were then followed up until 2017 to assess their survival status. The Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to estimate cumulative survival curves, compare various survival distributions, and adjusted hazard ratios. RESULTS: Lung, head and neck, and liver cancers led to a  significantly different survival time between patients with and without co-morbid TB. After adjustment, it was found that patients suffering from lung, head and neck, or liver cancer and co-morbid TB had significantly lower risk of death than those without co-morbid TB. Based on the stratified analysis, lung cancer patients with distant metastasis and co-morbid TB had 3.01-fold and 2.99-fold significantly increased risk of death compared to those without co-morbid TB. CONCLUSION: We found that cancer patients with co-morbid TB were at lower risk of death compared with those without co-morbid TB. In addition to cancer stage, it seems that cancer comorbidity with TB could modify the risk of death for lung cancer patients.There is a need for further studies to support our findings including other related risk factors. 
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Decreasing trends in cholangiocarcinoma incidence and relative survival in Khon Kaen, Thailand: An updated, inclusive, population-based cancer registry analysis for 1989-2018.

BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a leading cause of cancer death in northeastern Thailand. We reported on the incidence of CCA using only one method. In the current study, we used three different statistical methods to forecast future trends and estimate relative survival. METHODS: We reviewed the CCA cases diagnosed between 1989 and 2018 recorded in the population-based Khon Kaen Cancer Registry (KKCR). Annual percent change (APC) was calculated to quantify the incidence rate trends using Joinpoint regression. Age-period-cohort models (APC model) were used to examine the temporal trends of CCA by age, calendar year, and birth cohort. We projected the incidence of CCA up to 2028 using three independent approaches: the Joinpoint, Age-period-cohort, and Nordpred models. Survival assessments were based on relative survival (RS). RESULTS: The respective APC in males and females decreased significantly (-3.1%; 95%CI: -4.0 to -2.1 and -2.4%; 95%CI: -3.6 to -1.2). The APC model-AC-P for male CCA-decreased according to a birth-cohort. The CCA incidence for males born in 1998 was 0.09 times higher than for those born in 1966 (Incidence rate ratios, IRR = 0.09; 95%CI: 0.07 to 0.12). The relative incidence for female CCA similarly decreased according to a birth-cohort (IRR = 0.11; 95%CI: 0.07 to 0.17). The respective projection for the age-standardized rate for males and females for 2028 will be 7.6 per 100,000 (102 patients) and 3.6 per 100,000 (140 patients). The five-year RS for CCA was 10.9% (95%CI: 10.3 to 11.6). CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of CCA has decreased. The projection for 2028 is that the incidence will continue to decline. Nevertheless, the survival of patients with CCA remains poor.

Subtype Specific Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Incidence and Survival Trends: Differences between Endemic and Non-Endemic Populations.

BACKGROUND: While nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in non-endemic regions such as the North America, endemic countries, such as Thailand, continue to struggle with high incidence and mortality rates. NPC has a complex etiology that varies by histological subtype. METHODS: NPC cases (1990-2014) were identified using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) code C11 from the Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Lampang, and Songkhla cancer registries and compared to Asian/Pacific Islanders (A/PI) from the US SEER program. Age-standardized incidence rates and changes in annual percent change (APC) for overall and subtype specific NPC were assessed using R and Joinpoint. Kaplan Meier curves were generated in SAS to evaluate differences in survival by sex, year of diagnosis and histological subtype. Five-year relative survival estimates were calculated between 2000-2014. RESULTS: Non-keratinizing NPC predominated across all registries except Songkhla, where the keretinizing subtype made up ~60% of all reported cases. Incidence of keratinizing NPC significantly decreased among Chiang Mai males between 1996 and 2014 (APC:-13.0 [95%CI:-16.2, -9.6]), Songkhla females (APC:-4.0 [95%CI: -7.4, -0.5]) and males between 2006 and 2014 (APC:-15.5 [95%CI:-25.0, -4.7]), as well as A/PI females (APC:-5.1 [95%CI:-6,7, -3.4]) and males (APC: -4.8 [95%CI:-5.9, -3.7]). Non-keratinizing NPC increased among Songkhla males (APC:4.3 [95%CI:1.8, 6.9]). The keratinizing subtype exhibited the worst survival, while the non-keratinizing undifferentiated subtype had the best survival. Although US A/PI had the highest 5-year relative survival estimates, among the Thai registries Chiang Mai had the best and Lampang the worst survival. CONCLUSION: Although US A/PIs exhibited similar rates of NPC as seen in the endemic Thai population, improved tobacco control has led to a decrease in keratinizing NPC incidence irrespective of geography. Additionally, while challenges associate with access to care may still exist among rural Thais, chemoradiation was shown to confer a survival benefit in non-keratinizing NPC treatment.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis among Cancer Patients in Endemic Area: A Regional Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cancer is a known risk factor for developing active tuberculosis (TB) disease. The incidence of and risk factors for TB are not known among cancer patients in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate risk factors for TB among cancer patients in an area with endemic TB infections. METHODS: We used the Khon Kaen population-based cancer registry and two TB databases to conduct a retrospective cohort study of cancer patients. From 2001 to 2015, we identified 40,948 eligible cancer patients. Following until 2017, we identified cases of TB diagnosed after cancer diagnosis and analyzed primary cancer site, staging, treatment, and demographic factors. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (adj. IRR) were computed to identify risk factors among a sub-set of cancer types (n = 9,733) using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Among all cancer patients, 472 cases of TB were diagnosed following cancer diagnosis (cumulative incidence = 1.15%, incidence rate = 421.86 cases per 100,000 patients per year). Among the sub-set of cancer types, 206 cases of TB were found (cumulative incidence = 2.11%, incidence rate = 848.26 cases per 100,000 patients per year). Risk factors for TB among cancer patients were sex (p < 0.001) (male adj. IRR  = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.36-2.59), age (p < 0.001) (age >70 adj. IRR  = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.56-3.55, compared to age ≤50) and cancer site (p < 0.001). Compared to thyroid cancer, TB infection was more associated with lung cancer without histopathological confirmation (adj. IRR  = 6.22, 95% CI: 2.57-15.04). Cancer stage and treatment did not show statistically significant trends. CONCLUSION: Old age, male sex, and certain cancer types were independent risk factors for TB in cancer patients. Targeted latent TB screening may be appropriate among high risk groups.

Coffee Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in Khon Kaen Thailand.

BACKGROUND:   Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. The incidence of lung cancer in Thailand increasing, but risk factors are rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of coffee consumption on lung cancer in Thai population. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2001, lifestyle and demographic data were collected from 24,528 participants in the Khon Kaen Cohort Study (KKCS), who were followed through 2016, by linking to the Khon Kaen Population-based Cancer Registry. A total of 12,668 eligible participants (68.8% females, mean age 51.0 years at baseline) having complete datasets (239,488 person-years of follow up with 138 incident cases of lung cancer observed) were analyzed using a multi-variable adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Coffee consumption was associated with reduced risk for lung cancer (adj. HR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.84) after adjusting for age and gender.  Cigarette smoking (adj. HR = 2.76; 95% CI: 1.32-5.78) and family history of cancer (adj. HR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.10-2.48) were associated with higher risk. CONCLUSION: This study suggests coffee consumption may be a protective factor for lung cancer in among this cohort.
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Factors Associated with Time Intervals for Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer: A Hospital Based Study in Khon Kaen, Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the five-leading cancers in Thailand. Delayed diagnosis is crucial for undermining the prognosis of the patients. This study aims to evaluate the factors associated with the time interval for diagnosis (TID). METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study of 191 CRC patients with histological confirmation who were undergoing treatment in the tertiary hospital in Khon Kaen Province was conducted. The data were obtained by interview and retrieving from medical records. The time interval in each diagnostic process is reported in geometric mean. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) used to interpret the results from multiple linear regressions that analyze the relationship between factors and log-transformed TID. RESULTS: Most patients were males (61.78%) with  mean age of 61.28±10.2 years old. The geometric mean of TID was 263.48 days. Two factors were significantly associated with longer TID: first visit at a tertiary hospital (GMR=7.77 relative to secondary hospital; 95%CI=1.95 to 30.57) and distance to tertiary healthcare. Two factors were significantly associated with shorter TID: officer/ state enterprise (GMR=0.53 relative to agriculture; 95%CI=0.28 to 0.98) and cost of traveling to secondary healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the occupation, first health care visit, distance and cost were factors associated with TID. Improving the facilities at the secondary healthcare units for diagnosing CRC would be likely to help to reduce the  wasted time in the  healthcare system.

Health Insurance and Colorectal Cancer Survival in Khon Kaen, Thailand.

Background: Evidence from healthcare studies demonstrates that patients' health insurance affects service accessibility and the outcome of treatment. However, assessment on how colorectal cancer survival relates to health insurance is limited. Objective: The study examined the association between health insurance and colorectal cancer survival in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Methods: The retrospective cohort study was conducted with 1,931 colorectal cancer patients from Khon Kaen cancer registry between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2012, and was followed-up until December 31, 2015. Relative survival was used to estimate the survival rate. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the relationship between health insurance and colorectal cancer survival, represented with the hazard ratio. Result: Most of the participants were males, and the median age was 62 years. The median survival time was 2.25 years (95% CI: 2.00-2.51). The five-year observed survival rate and relative survival rate were 36.87 (95% CI: 34.66-39.08) and, 42.28 (95% CI: 39.75-44.81), respectively. The factors that showed significant associations with poorer survival after adjustment for gender and age were non-surgical treatments (HRadj=1.88;95%CI=1.45-2.45), advanced stage (III+IV) (HRadj=2.50; 95%CI=2.00-3.12), histological grading in poorly differentiated (HRadj=1.84; 95%CI=1.32-2.56), and Universal Coverage Scheme (HRadj=1.37;95%CI=1.09-1.72). Conclusion: The survival of colorectal cancer patients in the Universal Coverage Scheme was likely to be poorer than in the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme. This indicates an urgent need for a national program for colorectal cancer screening in the general population and access to health insurance.

Temporal Changes in Head and Neck Cancer Incidence in Thailand Suggest Changing Oropharyngeal Epidemiology in the Region.

PURPOSE: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, and the largest burden occurs in developing countries. Although the primary risk factors have been well characterized, little is known about temporal trends in head and neck cancer across Thailand. METHODS: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) occurrences diagnosed between 1990 and 2014 were selected by International Classification of Diseases (10th revision; ICD10) code from the Songkhla, Lampang, Chiang Mai, and Khon Kaen cancer registries and the US SEER program for oral cavity (ICD10 codes 00, 03-06), tongue (ICD10 codes 01-02), pharynx (ICD10 codes 09-10, 12-14), and larynx (ICD10 code 32). The data were analyzed using R and Joinpoint regression software to determine age-standardized incidence rates and trends of annual percent change (APC). Incidence rates were standardized using the Segi (1960) population. Stratified linear regression models were conducted to assess temporal trends in early-onset HNSCC across 20-year age groups. RESULTS: Although overall HNSCC rates are decreasing across all registries, subsite analyses demonstrate consistent decreases in both larynx and oral cavity cancers but suggest increases in tongue cancers among both sexes in the United States (APCmen, 2.36; APCwomen, 0.77) and in pharyngeal cancer in Khon Kaen and US men (APC, 2.1 and 2.23, respectively). Age-stratified APC analyses to assess young-onset (< 60 years old) trends demonstrated increased incidence in tongue cancer in Thailand and the United States as well as in pharyngeal cancers in Khon Kaen men age 40 to 59 years and US men age 50 to 59 years. CONCLUSION: Although overall trends in HNSCC are decreasing across both Thailand and the United States, there is reason to believe that the etiologic shift to oropharyngeal cancers in the United States may be occurring in Thailand.

Cholangiocarcinoma Trends, Incidence, and Relative Survival in Khon Kaen, Thailand From 1989 Through 2013: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Study.

BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a common malignancy in northeastern Thailand. Over the last 4 decades, several policies have been implemented for its prevention, but there has been no update on the trends and relative survival (RS). Our aim was (a) to perform a statistical assessment of the incidence trends of CCA and project future trends, and (b) to estimate relative survival. METHODS: All cases of CCA diagnosed from 1989 through 2013 were abstracted from the Khon Kaen Cancer Registry (KKCR). A jointpoint regression model was used to estimate the annual percentage change (APC) and to project future trends. We also calculated RS. RESULTS: There were 11,711 cases of CCA. The incidence rate increased with an APC of 1.79% (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.2 to 3.8) from 1989 through 2002, and decreased with an APC of -6.09% (95% CI, -8.2 to -3.9) from 2002 through 2013. The projected incidence of CCA should stable over the next 10 years, albeit higher than the world rate. The respective 5-year RS for both sexes for age groups of 30-40, 41-45, 51-60, and 61-98 years was 22.3% (95% CI, 16.8-29.5), 14.3% (95% CI, 12.0-17.0), 8.6% (95% CI, 7.8-10.0), and 7.2% (95% CI, 6.4-8.0). CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of CCA has decreased since 2002, representing a real decline in the risk of CCA. The incidence of CCA is projected to stabilize by 2025. The survival of patients with CCA remains poor.

Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Thailand: A comprehensive population-based registry analysis, 1990-2011.

BACKGROUND: Southeast Asia is undergoing a transition from infectious to chronic diseases, including a dramatic increase in adult cancers. Childhood cancer research in Thailand has focused predominantly on leukemias and lymphomas or only examined children for a short period of time. This comprehensive multisite study examined childhood cancer incidence and survival rates in Thailand across all International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC) groups over a 20-year period. METHODS: Cancer cases diagnosed in children ages 0-19 years (n = 3574) from 1990 to 2011 were extracted from five provincial population-based Thai registries, covering approximately 10% of the population. Descriptive statistics of the quality of the registries were evaluated. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were calculated using the Segi world standard population, and relative survival was computed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Changes in incidence and survival were analyzed using Joinpoint Regression and reported as annual percent changes (APC). RESULTS: The ASR of all childhood cancers during the study period was 98.5 per million person-years with 91.0 per million person-years in 1990-2000 and 106.2 per million person-years in 2001-2011. Incidence of all childhood cancers increased significantly (APC = 1.2%, P < 0.01). The top three cancer groups were leukemias, brain tumors, and lymphomas. The 5-year survival for all childhood cancers significantly improved from 39.4% in 1990-2000 to 47.2% in 2001-2011 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both childhood cancer incidence and survival rates have increased, suggesting improvement in the health care system as more cases are identified and treated. Analyzing childhood cancer trends in low- and middle-income countries can improve understanding of cancer etiology and pediatric health care disparities.

Molecular Subtypes and Prognostic Factors among Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Thai Women with Invasive Breast Cancer: 15 Years Follow-up Data

Background and Purpose: This study focused on molecular subtypes and prognostic factors for survival of preand post-menopausal breast cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on 523 patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast treated at Ubon Ratchathani Cancer Hospital,Thailand from 2002 to 2016. Patient characteristics were collected based on a systematic chart audit from medical records. Prognostic factors were performed by observe survival analysis. A Cox regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios of death, taking into account the age and menopause status, molecular subtype, stage of disease, histological grade, lymphatic and vascular invasion, resection margin, hormone receptor expression, and treatment modality. Results: The median time from the diagnosis of invasive breast cancer to the last follow-up or death was 10.2 [95% CI = 9.28-11.95] years in premenopausal women, and 7.4 [95% CI = 6.48-8.44] years in postmenopausal cases. The overall survival estimates at 5 and 10 years for younger woman of 71.2% and 51.8% respectively, appeared slightly better than the 68.3% and 40.9% for postmenopausal women [HRadj = 1.27, 95% CI =0.99-1.63]. In the multivariate analysis, 3 prognostic indicators significantly predicted a worse overall survival in premenopausal patients, triple negative subtype [HRadj = 6.03, 95% CI = 1.94-18.74], HER2-enriched status [HRadj = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.59-10.65] and stage III [HRadj = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.10-6.79]. Statistically significant increased risk of death in postmenopausal patients was noted for only chemotherapy after mastectomy [HRadj = 8.76, 95% CI = 2.88-26.61], and for a Luminal B status [HRadj = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.47-8.53]. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with invasive breast cancer experience a significantly shorter survival than do their premenopausal counterparts. The predictors of worse overall survival were molecular subtype, stage of disease and type of treatment administered.

Temporal Trends and Geographic Patterns of Lung Cancer Incidence by Histology in Thailand, 1990 to 2014.

Purpose Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and in Thailand. We characterize and forecast region-specific patterns of lung cancer incidence by histology and sex. Methods We analyzed lung cancer incidence trends in Thailand by histology (adenocarcinoma [AdC]; squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]; and large-cell, small-cell, and other carcinomas) from 1990 to 2014 in four cancer registries in three regions (north, Chiang Mai Province and Lampang Province; northeast: Khon Kaen Province; south: Songkhla Province). Annual percent change (APC) was calculated to quantify the incidence rate trends using joinpoint regression. Age-period-cohort models were used to examine the temporal trends of AdC and SCC by age, calendar year, and birth cohort. We projected the incidence of AdC and SCC up to 2030 using three independent approaches: joinpoint, age-period-cohort, and Nordpred models. Results AdC incidence significantly increased from 1990 to 2012 in Chiang Mai males (APC, 1.3%), Songkhla males from 2004 to 2014 (APC, 2.5%), Songkhla females from 1990 to 2014 (APC, 5.9%), and Khon Kaen females from 2005 to 2014 (APC, 3.1%). Conversely, SCC incidence significantly decreased from 1990 to 2012 in Chiang Mai males and females (APC, -1.2% and -4.8%, respectively), Lampang males and females from 1993 to 2014 (APC, -5.4% and -5.2%, respectively), and Songkhla females from 1990 to 2014 (APC, -2.1%). In general, trends of AdC and SCC correlated more with birth cohort than with calendar year. Three projection models suggested that incidence rates of AdC in Songkhla may continue to increase until 2030. Conclusion Temporal trends of lung cancer by histology varied among regions in Thailand. Reduction of lung cancer incidence in Thailand likely will require prevention strategies tailored to each specific region.

Breast Cancer Incidence Trends and Projections in Northeastern Thailand.

BACKGROUND: The northeast has the lowest incidence of breast cancer of all regions in Thailand, although national rates are increasing. The heterogeneity in subnational trends necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of breast cancer incidence trends and projections to provide evidence for future region-specific strategies that may be employed to attenuate this growing burden. METHODS: Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort modeling were used to describe trends from 1988-2012. Data was projected from three separate models to provide a range of estimates of incidence to the year 2030 by age group. RESULTS: Age-standardized rates (ASRs) increased significantly for all women from 1995-2012 by 4.5% per year. Rates for women below age 50 increased by 5.1% per year, while women age 50 years and older increased by 6% per year from 1988-2012. Projected rates show that women age 50 years and older have the largest projected increase in ASRs by 2030 compared to younger women and all women combined. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer trends in Khon Kaen are presently lower than other regions but are expected to increase and become comparable to other regions by 2030, particularly for women ages 50 years and older.

Risk Factors for Cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and objective: Cholangiocarcinoma remains a serious public health concern in Thailand. While many of the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in western countries are well-recognized, it remains unclear whether they are the same in Thailand. We set out to investigate the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand. Methods: Starting March 4, 2016, we reviewed studies found using pre-specified keywords on SCOPUS, Pro Quest Science Direct, PubMed, and online public access catalog of Khon Kaen University. Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the studied Risk of Bias. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the quality of included studies. The risk effects of factors were estimated as a pooled adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. The heterogeneity of results was considered using the I-square, Tau-square and Chi-square statistics. Results: A strong association was found between cholangiocarcinoma and age, Opisthorchis viverrini infection, eating raw cyprinoid fish, family history of cancer, liquor consumption, and taking praziquantel. There was only a mild association found between eating nitrite-containing foods, fresh vegetables, education, smoking behavior, and sex. No association was found between cholangiocarcinoma and eating fermented fish (Pla-ra), northeastern Thai or Chinese sausage, sticky rice, meat, chewing betel nut, or eating fruit. There were two protective factors including fresh vegetables consumption and education attainment. Conclusion: There are unique risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand, including age, Opisthorchis viverrini infection, eating raw cyprinoid fish, family history of cancer, liquor consumption, and taking praziquantel.

The XRCC 1 DNA repair gene modifies the environmental risk of stomach cancer: a hospital-based matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1(XRCC1) and environmental factors are both associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer, but no study has reported on the potential additive effect of these factors among Thai people. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the risk of stomach cancer from XRCC1 gene polymorphisms was modified by environmental factors in the Thai population. METHODS: Hospital-based matched case-control study data were collected from 101 new stomach cancer cases and 202 controls, which were recruited from2002 to 2006 and were matched for gender and age. Genotype analysis was performed using real-time PCR-HRM. The data were analysed by the chi-square test and conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The Arg/Arg homozygote polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene was associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer in the Thai population (OR adj, 3.7; 95%CI, 1.30-10.72) compared with Gln/Gln homozygosity. The effect of the XRCC1gene on the risk of stomach cancer was modified by both a high intake of vegetable oils and salt (p = 0.036 and p = 0.014), particularly for the Arg/Arg homozygous genotype. There were, however, no additive effects on the risk of stomach cancer between variants of the XRCC1gene and smoking,alcohol or pork oil consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the XRCC1 gene homozygosity, particularly Arg/Arg, on the risk for stomach cancer was elevated by a high intake of vegetable oils and salt.

National and Subnational Population-Based Incidence of Cancer in Thailand: Assessing Cancers with the Highest Burdens.

In Thailand, five cancer types-breast, cervical, colorectal, liver and lung cancer-contribute to over half of the cancer burden. The magnitude of these cancers must be quantified over time to assess previous health policies and highlight future trajectories for targeted prevention efforts. We provide a comprehensive assessment of these five cancers nationally and subnationally, with trend analysis, projections, and number of cases expected for the year 2025 using cancer registry data. We found that breast (average annual percent change (AAPC): 3.1%) and colorectal cancer (female AAPC: 3.3%, male AAPC: 4.1%) are increasing while cervical cancer (AAPC: -4.4%) is decreasing nationwide. However, liver and lung cancers exhibit disproportionately higher burdens in the northeast and north regions, respectively. Lung cancer increased significantly in northeastern and southern women, despite low smoking rates. Liver cancers are expected to increase in the northern males and females. Liver cancer increased in the south, despite the absence of the liver fluke, a known factor, in this region. Our findings are presented in the context of health policy, population dynamics and serve to provide evidence for future prevention strategies. Our subnational estimates provide a basis for understanding variations in region-specific risk factor profiles that contribute to incidence trends over time.

Joinpoint Analysis Trends in the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Khon Kaen, Thailand (1989 ­ 2012)

Objective: This study focused on recent changes in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Methods: Data for CRC over the period 1989 to 2012 from the population-based cancer registry of Khon Kaen province were employed. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated and classified into 4 age-groups for comparison. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to detect changes in trends among each line segment and an overall line was generated, whether increasing or decreasing, with annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: There were 3,364 CRC cases included in the analysis, 72.2% histological confirmed and 53.5% in men. Trends of ASRs generally demonstrated gradual increase over the period 1989 to 2012. For those aged under 45 or 50 years there was slight overall increase, with a somewhat zigzag pattern. From joinpoint analysis, the trends of all aged groups were found to be increasing among both men and women: aged 45 years and older group AAPC=3.40, 2.30 and 3.90, respectively); aged 50 years and older group AAPC=2.90, 2.20 and 3.40; aged under 45 years AAPC=6.30, 6.00 and 6.90; and aged under 50 years (AAPC=5.70, 3.20 and 5.70. Conclusions: ASRs for CRC have been gradually increasing in the northeast region of Thailand. Future studies should consider the subsite distribution.