Temporal bone trauma.

Temporal bone trauma has numerous manifestations, many of which are detectable by current imaging techniques. Our discussion of temporal bone trauma is subdivided into fractures and pseudofractures, fistulous communication, hearing loss, and facial nerve involvement.

The temporal bone. Contemporary diagnostic dilemmas.

The entire topic of temporal bone imaging cannot be addressed in a single article. This article discusses the clinical areas in which there have been particularly important advances: inflammatory disease, sensorineural hearing deficit, pulsatile tinnitus, facial nerve dysfunction, and the postoperative temporal bone. The common thread linking those sections is an attempt to emphasize their pitfalls.

Triathlon and the multisport athlete.

The sport of triathlon is a rapidly growing arena for athletic competition and training. Men and women of various fitness backgrounds have become involved in this sport that involves the disciplines of swimming, cycling, and running. Training for multiple sports has the advantages of providing the athlete with a variety of means of maintaining fitness in the event of an injury. On the other hand, multisport training may also contribute to a special category of injuries, those related to the cumulative effects of cross-training. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature regarding triathlon training and injuries. A survey of a local triathlon club regarding the incidence of injuries is presented, and comparisons are made with previously published surveys. Finally, this paper attempts to outline the training conditions of the triathlete and to provide readers with strategies for injury management.

Imaging of cervical lymphadenopathy.

The identification and classification of cervical lymphadenopathy can be a challenging task for the general radiologist. Patients with a wide range of clinical presentation and disease states are often referred for imaging, although evaluation and staging of head and neck cancer is the most common indication. In addition to metastatic squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract, the differential diagnosis of enlarged cervical lymph nodes includes the following: bacterial, mycobacterial and viral infections, granulomatous conditions such as sarcoidosis, primary and secondary involvement in lymphoma; other metastatic neoplasms such as from breast and lung, as well as more uncommon conditions such as sinus histiocytosis, eosinophilic granuloma, Kimura's disease, and Kikuchi's disease. This article will review the anatomy and regional classification of the cervical lymph node chains and discuss the common and uncommon etiologies of cervical lymph node enlargement.

Sensorineural hearing deficit: a systematic approach based on imaging findings.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) can be classified audiometrically into two varieties: sensory (cochlear) and neural (retrocochlear). Individuals with sensory SNHL have damage to the "end organ" (the cochlea) at a macroscopic or microscopic level. When present, imaging manifestations may involve the bony labyrinth or membranous labyrinth. Abnormalities of the bony labyrinth are demonstrable primarily with computed tomography and include demineralization, congenital deformities, traumatic lesions, and erosive or destructive lesions. Abnormalities of the membranous labyrinth include enhancement and hemorrhage, which are demonstrable with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and obliteration, which may be diagnosed with either modality. Individuals with neural (retrocochlear) SNHL have involvement of the remainder of the auditory pathway exclusive of the cochlea. This type of SNHL requires study of the internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle, brain stem, thalamus, and temporal lobe. The entirety of this type of examination is best performed with high-resolution MR imaging in virtually all cases.