α-Bi2Mo3O12: A Dual-Functional material for electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor applications.

This study explores the functionality of α-Bi2Mo3O12 (BMO) as an electrocatalyst for water splitting and its suitability for supercapacitor applications. BMO was synthesized by the solvothermal method and characterized in pre-calcination [BMO (BC)], post-calcination [BMO (AC)], and base-etched forms [BMO (BE)]. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of α-Bi2Mo3O12 with well-defined crystallographic planes. Electrochemical analysis revealed that BMO (AC) exhibited the lowest overpotential for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and BMO (BC) exhibited the lowest overpotential for oxygen evolution reactions (OER), indicating its superior electrocatalytic activity. The Tafel slope and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results confirmed the superior kinetics and charge transfer properties of BMO material. Furthermore, BMO samples demonstrated excellent stability during prolonged chronoamperometry (CA) testing for 12 h. For supercapacitor performances, the BMO (BE) exhibits a superior specific capacitance value of 398 F/g at 2.0 A/g. Thus, the BMO material delivers prominent electrocatalytic activity as well as supercapacitor performance. Overall, this study demonstrates the potentiality of α-Bi2Mo3O12 in different forms as a dual-functional material for efficient energy storage and conversion.

Estimation of the calcium content of intact tooth by decalcification and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid method - A analytical quantitative study.

Background: Teeth, one of the strongest structures of the human body, stands as reliable evidence in forensic odontology. The gender and age can be estimated from a tooth using various methods. We aimed to estimate the calcium content of an intact tooth and compare it with its average weight and dimension and also to find the possible correlation with the age and gender of an individual. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 extracted teeth were divided into group A (21-40), group B (41-60) and group C (61-80). Calcium estimation by decalcification followed by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid method analysis was performed. Results: Greatest calcium values were found in the males with mandibular premolars in group A, of maxillary premolars and mandibular molars in group B, as well as of maxillary canine, maxillary molars and mandibular incisors in group C. Greater calcium levels in the age of group B and C in mandibular incisors and male maxillary molars and in the jaws of group B, group C incisors and group C canines with P < 0.05. Calcium content and the weight of the teeth decreased with ageing. Conclusion: Calcium levels significantly varied in each tooth type, arch, gender and age.

Comparison of Vaginal Birth Rate between Induction of Labour and Expectant Management at 40 Weeks in Women with a Previous Caesarean Section: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The optimum time of labour induction among women with a previous caesarean without any pregnancy complication and eligible and willing for vaginal delivery is not specified. This study compares the vaginal birth rates between induction at 40 weeks and expectant management till 41 weeks. Method: We conducted this parallel design nonblinded, randomized controlled trial in a tertiary care teaching institution in South India on women with a previous lower segment caesarean section eligible for a trial of labour with singleton foetus without any pregnancy complication at recruitment. We screened 1886 women. Sixty women underwent block (of 6 each) randomization into two groups of thirty each at 40 weeks. We induced the women in the intervention group at 40 weeks with oxytocin or a single 24-hour application of a Foley catheter followed by oxytocin infusion and amniotomy. The expectant group underwent maternal and foetal surveillance and induction at 41 weeks with the same protocol if not delivered by then. We compared the primary outcome of the proportion of vaginal birth rate with a chi-square test. Result: Data from all sixty women were analyzed. Twenty (66.67%) in the induction compared to ten (33.33%) in the expectant group delivered vaginally. This difference was significant (RR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.13-3.52; P = 0.016). One woman in the expectant group had scar dehiscence. Conclusion: Among women with a previous caesarean scar, labour induction at 40 weeks has a significantly higher vaginal birth rate than those managed expectantly till 41 weeks. More extensive trials are feasible and recommended. Trial Registry. The trial was prospectively registered with the clinical trial registry of India. This trial is registered with CTRI/2018/09/015719 (date of registration 14th September 2018).

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among Antenatal Women in Primary Care Settings in Southern India: Prevalence, Associated Factors and Effect of Anti-Helminthic Treatment.

Community-based studies from India on prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections have reported estimates as high as 50% in children. However, prevalence estimates during pregnancy in India are lacking. We aimed to describe the burden, associated factors of STH and cure rate after deworming in primary care settings. Pregnant women were recruited from four urban and five rural centers in Puducherry, South India, from December 2019 to April 2022. One stool sample was collected from each participant before deworming and one repeat sample was collected from STH positive woman after three weeks of deworming. The samples were processed with saline; iodine wet mount, and microscopic concentration techniques. Cure rate (CR) was assessed using Kato-Katz thick smear. Of 650 women included, 49 (7.5%, 95% CI 5.6-9.8) had one of the STH infections; the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Strongyloides was 5.4%, 1.8% and 0.3%, respectively. The prevalence of any STH was higher among ages 26-30 years (9.1%), working women (8.3%), multigravida (8.3%), urban setting (8.3%), those who did not wash their hands before food (9%) and anemic women (8.9%), compared to their counterparts, but not statistically significant. The CR for hookworm was 100% and Ascaris lumbricoides was 88.6%. To conclude, the prevalence of STH was low among pregnant women compared to school aged children. Continued deworming activities along with improved sanitation could further reduce the burden.

Novel insight on chemo-specific detection of toxic environmental chromium residues existing as recalcitrant Cr(III)-carboxyl complexes using plasmonic silver nanoplatform bi-functionalized with citrate and PVP.

Chromium (Cr) is a toxic environmental pollutant that majorly exists in trivalent and hexavalent forms. Though Cr(VI) is more dangerous than Cr(III), the trivalent Cr forms complexes with environmentally-available organic molecules. This makes them potentially harmful and difficult to detect. In this study, we have designed an ultrasensitive plasmonic nanosensor using citrate and PVP functionalized Ag nanoparticles (Ag-citrate-PVPNPs) for the detection of trivalent chromium organic complexes such as Cr(III)-EDTA (Cr-E), Cr(III)-acetate (Cr-A), Cr(III)-citrate (Cr-C) and Cr(III)-tartrate (Cr-T). The nanoparticles (NPs) were structurally characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, SAED, EDX and elemental mapping. The citrate and PVP molecules played a vital role in the detection mechanism and stability of the sensor. Upon detection, the yellow-colored Ag-citrate-PVP NPs turned into different shades of brown depending on the type of the Cr complex and concentration. It was accompanied by diminishing and/or shifting UV-Visible absorbance peaks due to the aggregation of Ag-citrate-PVP NPs. Further, a linear relationship was observed between absorbance reduction and analyte concentration. The selectivity tests showed that the sensor was non-functional to other metal ions and inorganic anions. The sensor was optimized using pH and temperature studies. The mechanism of detection was elucidated with the help of characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, XPS and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 3.29, 4.87, 1.76 and 1.79 nM for Cr-E, Cr-A, Cr-C and Cr-T complexes respectively. This study provides a rapid and sensitive approach for the detection of multiple Cr(III)-organic complexes present in an aqueous solution.

Endometrial ablation techniques in treating menorrhagia.

Menorrhagia is a frequent gynecological problem that is clinically described as excessive blood loss of 80 mL per menstrual cycle. It has the potential to lower their quality of life and to induce anemia. Medical therapy has typically been the first line of treatment; however, it is frequently ineffectual. Hysterectomy, on the other hand, is clearly 100 percent effective in stopping bleeding, but it is more expensive and can cause serious problems. So, the endometrial ablation is preferred when the endometrial layer is destroyed or removed during the procedure. To "ablate" (remove) the endometrial lining, a variety of procedures has been devised. The gold standard resectoscopic procedures (laser, transcervical endometrial resection, and rollerball) require hysteroscopic visualization of the uterus and while safe, necessitate expert surgeons. Several innovative procedures have lately been developed, the majority of which may be conducted blindly and take less time. Many nonresectoscopic procedures are still in the process of being developed, refined, and investigated. This article discusses the various techniques and procedures used in endometrial ablation, the importance of the physician using endometrial thinning agents because success rates are higher when thinning agents are used, and the importance of women understanding the complications mainly related to pregnancy. Women should be helped to make informed management decisions by discussing the risks and benefits of each treatment with their consultant. Since there are many treatment options available, with no one option being superior in all respects, patient preference and treatment preferences should be considered when deciding on management.

B-cell lymphoma-2 downregulation is a useful feature supporting a neoplastic phenotype in mature T-cell lymphomas.

Normal T cells express high levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) protein, and data regarding BCL2 expression status and its diagnostic utility in T-cell lymphoma are scarce. We evaluated BCL2 expression in a series of mature T-cell lymphoproliferations (TCLs) including indolent and more recently recognized entities (follicular helper T-cell [TFH] lymphomas). Sixty-six neoplastic biopsies (60 patients) representing mature nodal, extranodal, and leukemia T-cell neoplasms were collected from three institutes (2 US and 1 Japan) and were compared with reactive T cells in 8 benign tissues/blood and 9 T cell-rich B-cell proliferations. BCL2 immunostaining was performed and scored based on intensity-weighted H-score (0-300). Next-generation sequencing (NGS; 5 cases), BCL2 gene sequencing, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR; 3 cases) were conducted. Association of H-score with overall survival (using proportional hazards modeling) was assessed in nonleukemic TCLs. Most TCLs showed significantly downregulated median BCL2 H-score (125, range: 18-300) with the exception of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, both of which showed uniform strong retention of BCL2 as did the 8 reactive tissues (median H-score: 280; p = 0.000). Notably all TFH lymphoma CD4 neoplastic T cells, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, CD8 adipocyte-rimming T cells, and T-cell large lymphocyte leukemia with pathogenic STAT5B and TP53 mutation showed BCL2 downregulation. No BCL2 mutations were observed by NGS or sequencing with decreased BCL2 mRNA transcripts by real-time PCR. BCL2 downregulation is pervasive among many TCLs and unrelated to any mutations. There is utility for BCL2 immunostaining in some challenging situations as discussed in this article.

A JAM-A-tetraspanin-αvß5 integrin complex regulates contact inhibition of locomotion.

Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a process that regulates cell motility upon collision with other cells. Improper regulation of CIL has been implicated in cancer cell dissemination. Here, we identify the cell adhesion molecule JAM-A as a central regulator of CIL in tumor cells. JAM-A is part of a multimolecular signaling complex in which tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 link JAM-A to αvß5 integrin. JAM-A binds Csk and inhibits the activity of αvß5 integrin-associated Src. Loss of JAM-A results in increased activities of downstream effectors of Src, including Erk1/2, Abi1, and paxillin, as well as increased activity of Rac1 at cell-cell contact sites. As a consequence, JAM-A-depleted cells show increased motility, have a higher cell-matrix turnover, and fail to halt migration when colliding with other cells. We also find that proper regulation of CIL depends on αvß5 integrin engagement. Our findings identify a molecular mechanism that regulates CIL in tumor cells and have implications on tumor cell dissemination.

Biosorption study of amaranth dye removal using Terminalia chebula shell, Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf and Psidium guajava bark.

Amaranth dye (AD) is trisodium (4E)-3-oxo-4-[(4-sulfonato-1- naphthyl) hydrazono] naphthalene-2, 7-disulfonate and anionic in nature. In the present investigation, waste biomasses such as Terminalia chebula shell (TCS), Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf (PPL) and Psidium guajava bark (PGB) are explored as biosorbents for the first time toward the removal of AD from aqueous solution in a batch method. Influence of biosorption parameters such as pH, initial concentration of AD, biosorbents (TCS, PPL, PGB) dosage, temperature and contact time was studied. Biosorption equilibrium data was analyzed using two parameter isotherms. The kinetics of the biosorption process was analyzed using different models to understand the rate-determining step. The results of the biosorption experiment and modeling investigation illustrated that the pseudo-second-order rate equation fits the experimental data and further the experimental results showed Langmuir isotherm fitted well the biosorption equilibrium data. TCS showed more efficiency toward the removal of AD than PPL and PGB. The value of enthalpy for TCS is 1.527 kJ/mol suggests that the AD removal process is endothermic. The positive value of entropy is 6.429 J/mol K indicates that the particle is randomly disordered and negative values of standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) suggested that the biosorption process is spontaneous.Novelty statementBiomasses of Terminalia chebula shell (TCS), Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf (PPL) and Psidium guajava bark (PGB) reported as first time explored biosorbent for amaranth dye (AD) removal from aqueous solution.Optimal biosorption parameter for AD removal determined.Experimental data examined using isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis.

Augmented intelligence to predict 30-day mortality in patients with cancer.

Aim: An augmented intelligence tool to predict short-term mortality risk among patients with cancer could help identify those in need of actionable interventions or palliative care services. Patients & methods: An algorithm to predict 30-day mortality risk was developed using socioeconomic and clinical data from patients in a large community hematology/oncology practice. Patients were scored weekly; algorithm performance was assessed using dates of death in patients' electronic health records. Results: For patients scored as highest risk for 30-day mortality, the event rate was 4.9% (vs 0.7% in patients scored as low risk; a 7.4-times greater risk). Conclusion: The development and validation of a decision tool to accurately identify patients with cancer who are at risk for short-term mortality is feasible.

Mixed biosorbent of agro waste and bacterial biomass for the separation of Pb(II) ions from water system.

Adsorption of Pb(II) ions in aqueous systems by newly developed mixed biomass has been explored. Mixed biomass was prepared from agro-waste (raw Banyan tree bark, RBTB) and bacterial biomass (Pannonibacter phragmitetus). Chemical modification by sulphuric acid treatment of raw banyan tree bark (SMBTB) was accomplished for the effective separation of toxic Pb(II) ions from the aquatic system. FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis was utilized to deduce sorption characteristics of mixed biomass. Pb(II) ions maximal removal has occurred at pH-6.0, lead (II) ions concentration-25 mg/L, time and mixed biomass dosage (60 min and 3.5 g/L for RBTB - Pannonibacter phragmitetus; 30 min and 1.5 g/L for SMBTB - Pannonibacter phragmitetus) and temperature (30 °C). Data from equilibrium isotherm and kinetic analysis was best suited to the Langmuir model and pseudo-first-order kinetics. The spontaneous and exothermic nature of Pb(II) ions removal was described by thermodynamic parameters. The mixed biomass proved to be an effective and potential mixed biosorbent for toxic lead removal from solutions.

Ultrasonic assisted agro waste biomass for rapid removal of Cd(II) ions from aquatic environment: Mechanism and modelling analysis.

In this research, dragon fruit peel, an agro-waste was used to prepare the new adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ions from the aquatic environment. The characterization techniques of SEM, FTIR and EDX for the prepared materials have been studied. The influential parameters for Cd(II) ions were experimented and identified the probable conditions for the maximum adsorption of Cd(II) ions. The investigations on isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics for Cd(II) ions removal were examined. Adsorption isotherm data was well discussed with Langmuir model based on the obtained good correlation coefficient and error values. Moreover, it follows the pseudo-first-order and exothermic process. The values of monolayer adsorption capacity of surface-modified dragon fruit peel (SMDFP) and ultrasonic-assisted dragon fruit peel (UADFP) was determined to be 7.469 and 24.76 mg/g at an equilibrium condition, respectively. This study exposed that ultrasonic-assisted dragon fruit peel can be a suitable adsorbent for Cd(II) ions removal from the water environment.

Effect of preoperative oral administration of steroids in comparison to an anti-inflammatory drug on postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treatment - a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

AIM: This randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial evaluated the effect of oral premedication of piroxicam, prednisolone, dexamethasone or placebo on postoperative pain after single-visit root canal treatment in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY: The trial is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for RAndomized Trials in Endodontics (PRIRATE) 2020 guidelines. The protocol was registered at the clinical trial registry (India) (CTRI/2019/06/019818). In total, 160 patients, assigned to four groups, received orally either 20 mg piroxicam, 20 mg prednisolone, 4 mg dexamethasone or a placebo 60 min before root canal treatment. Patients recorded their postoperative pain intensity at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h using a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Intergroup comparison was performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests with post hoc analysis using Dunns test. Incidence of pain was analysed using chi-square tests. A P value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the odds of postoperative pain, with incidence of pain as the dependent variable and intervention groups, gender, age and type of tooth as independent variables. RESULTS: In total, 156 patients were analysed in the trial, since four patients dropped out during follow-up. All drugs were associated with a significantly lower incidence of postoperative pain compared to the placebo at 6 h (P = 0.009), 12 h (P = 0.003) and 24 h (P = 0.008). Mean intensity of pain was significantly more intense at 6, 12 and 24 h with the use of placebo in comparison to the other three intervention groups (P < 0.05). Intensity of pain was not significantly different between the premedications used (P > 0.05). One patient in the piroxicam group reported gastritis, whereas no adverse effects were recorded in other groups. CONCLUSION: Preoperative oral administration of a single dose of 4 mg dexamethasone, 20 mg piroxicam or 20 mg prednisolone reduced the incidence and severity of postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treatment compared to a placebo in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis up to 24 h. The odds of postoperative pain at 24 h for patients premedicated with 4 mg dexamethasone or 20 mg piroxicam or 20 mg prednisolone were 5.3 times, 3.4 times and 2.5 times less compared to the placebo, respectively.

Willingness and yield of screening for hepatitis B among outpatients of a tertiary care centre, Puducherry, South India.

India's National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme recommends screening outpatients for hepatitis B at tertiary care centres. We aimed to assess the yield of screening and reasons for refusal for testing. We included adult outpatients at a tertiary care centre, South India during September and October 2019. Participants' willingness to be tested and the reasons for refusal were noted. Fingerstick blood sample was tested for HBsAg using rapid kit. Of a total of 700 participants, 157 (22%, 95% CI: 19.4-25.7%) were unwilling to be tested. Men were more unwilling (26%) compared to women (19%) (aPR 1.90 95% CI: 1.22-2.94; p = 0.004). 'Lack of time' was the most common reason reported for refusal (10%). Of 543 participants tested, 15 (2.8%, 95% CI: 1.6-4.5%) were positive for HBsAg. Similar studies from other regions in India are required for the estimation of yield of opportunistic approach.

Prevalence and association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence among older adults: A community-based study in rural Puducherry, South India.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is more common among older adults, but there is a paucity of information about its association with spiritual intelligence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence among older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 292 older adults in a rural area of Puducherry, India. A structured questionnaire was used to collect each participant's socio-demographic and behavioral factors; the presence of depressive symptoms was assessed by using Geriatric Depression Scale (short form), spiritual intelligence by the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory-24 questionnaire and activities of daily living by Katz Index of Independence scale. Proportion for prevalence estimate, bivariate and multivariable log binomial regression analysis were done. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 64.1 % (187/292; 95 % CI 58.3-69.3). Of total, 103 (35.3 %) had low, 92 (31.55 %) had moderate and 97 (33.2 %) had high spiritual intelligence. About 11 % (32/292) were partially or fully dependent. Depressive symptoms showed a significant association with marital status, education, sleep pattern, relationship with family members and spiritual intelligence in bivariate analysis. Depressive symptoms were high among those with low spiritual intelligence and disturbed sleep pattern with Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of 1.33 (95 %CI 1.26-1.4) and 1.06 (95 %CI 1.0-1.14) respectively. CONCLUSION: Majority of the older adults had depressive symptoms and significantly more among those with low spiritual intelligence and disturbed sleep. This study gives new evidence on spiritual intelligence among older adults in a community setting and the magnitude of association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence.

Effect of COVID19 pandemic and national lockdown on persons with diabetes from rural areas availing care in a tertiary care center, southern India.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures to contain it have affected health care services globally. This study aims to assess the effect and urban-rural differences of COVID19 pandemic on diabetes care. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among persons with diabetes (PWDs) registered for care at a diabetes clinic of a tertiary care center in Southern India. We collected following information by telephonic interviews: physician consultations, access to diabetes medications and blood sugar tests, use of telemedicine services, out of pocket expenditure and psychological morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 350 PWDs were interviewed. Majority were male (78%) and from rural areas (79%). One fourth (24%) met any physician for diabetes care at least once during lockdown. PWDs from rural areas mainly consulted a physician in a private clinic (55%) compared to urban areas (26%). Two third (65%) availed medications from private medical shops. Almost half (46%) got their blood sugar tested during and majority of them (81%) reported unsatisfactory glycemic control. Only few (5%) was aware and three utilized telemedicine services. Almost all (99%) spent money (US $ 8.3) for diabetes care. One third (33%) had moderate or high psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of PWDs did not consult a physician during lockdown. Cost of care was high. Measures to improve utilisation of telemedicine services and peripheral health facilities are needed.

An insight into cell-laden 3D-printed constructs for bone tissue engineering.

Escalating bone graft scarcity and donor site morbidity worldwide are alarming reminders that highlight the need for alternatives to gold standard tissue rejuvenation methods. Over the last few decades, many efforts have been made in bone tissue engineering (BTE) to fabricate artificial bone transplants. Conventional BTE techniques do not render pertinent spatial organization of cells, and they fail in mimicking the extracellular matrix of native bone tissue. This setback can be overcome by using the emerging technology of three-dimensional bioprinting (3DBP). 3DBP is a state-of-the-art technology that provides accurate hierarchal biomaterial structures that accommodate live-cell patterning to mimic their native counterparts. Herein, we provide an overview on the recent progress of cell-laden 3DBP technologies and also discuss the various biomaterials utilized (natural polymers such as chitosan, collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and silk fibroin and synthetic polymers such as PCL, PVP, and ceramics) to engineer scaffolds with requisite structural, mechanical, and biological complexity. We also highlight some of the persisting challenges and the solutions to surmount them, paving the way for progress in the field. Finally, we discuss how the combination of novel modalities with 3DBP can pave the way for new frontiers, like four-dimensional bioprinting (4DBP), to bring customized, stimuli-responsive, and highly effective regenerative scaffolds to bone tissue engineering.

Types of intrapartum hypoxia on the cardiotocograph (CTG): do they have any relationship with the type of brain injury in the MRI scan in term babies?

Electronic foetal monitoring using cardiotocography is aimed at the timely recognition and management of foetal hypoxia. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether a relationship exists between the types of foetal hypoxia (acute, subacute, evolving, chronic), as identified on cardiotocography and the nature of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, as observed on MRI scans after birth. We conducted a retrospective study of 16 babies born (out of 52,187 births) at St George's Hospital in London during 2006-2017 with a postnatal diagnosis of HIE. Of the 16 babies, only 11 had both MRI scans and CTG traces available. Of those, 9 showed evidence of intrapartum hypoxia on CTG, but only 6 demonstrated evidence of HIE on MRI. Those with acute hypoxia showed abnormalities in the basal ganglia and thalami. A gradually evolving hypoxia or subacute hypoxia was associated with lesions in myelination and cerebral cortex.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? It has been reported that inter-observer agreement for CTG interpretation is low (30%) when pattern recognition based guidelines are used (Rhöse et al. 2014; Reif et al. 2016), even amongst 'experts' (Hruban et al. 2015). Furthermore, it has been shown that CTG traces do not reliably predict neonatal encephalopathy (Spencer et al. 1997).What do the results of this study add? Our study indicates that if 'types of intrapartum hypoxia' are used for interpretation, then inter-observer agreement increases to 81%, from the reported 30% when traces are classified into 'normal, suspicious and pathological' using guidelines based on 'pattern recognition'. Furthermore, our study shows a good correlation between the type of intrapartum hypoxia observed on CTG trace and the nature of injury observed on the MRI.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practise and/or further research? Improving inter-observer agreement of CTGs with the use of pattern recognition in combination with the good correlation to MRI scan findings ultimately leads to better management and post-natal outcomes. This is evidenced by the fact that after the introduction of physiology-based CTG interpretation and mandatory competency testing on CTG interpretation for all staff in 2010, St. George's Maternity Unit has half the nationally reported rate of cerebral palsy.

All-Solution-Processed WO3/BiVO4 Core-Shell Nanorod Arrays for Highly Stable Photoanodes.

Tungsten oxide (WO3) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) are one of the most attractive combinations to construct an efficient heterojunction for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Here, we report an all-solution-processed WO3/BiVO4 heteronanostructure photoanode with highly enhanced photoactivity and stability for sustainable energy production. The vertically aligned WO3 nanorods were synthesized on a fluorine-doped tin oxide/glass substrate by the hydrothermal method without a seed layer and BiVO4 was deposited by pulsed electrodeposition for conformal coating. Owing to the long diffusion lengths of charge carriers in the WO3 nanorods, the ability to absorb the wider range of wavelengths, and appropriate band-edge positions of the WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction for spontaneous PEC reaction, the optimum WO3/BiVO4 photoanode has a photocurrent density of 4.15 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus RHE and an incident-photon-to-current efficiency of 75.9% at 430 nm under front illumination, which are a double and quadruple those of pristine WO3 nanorod arrays, respectively. Our work suggests an environment-friendly and low-cost all-solution process route to synthesize high-quality photoelectrodes.