RESUMO
Subgroup C Avian Metapneumoviruses (AMPV-C) has two lineages, one mostly in turkeys and one mostly in ducks. To investigate the molecular basis of AMPV-C host tropism, a reverse genetics system for a duck AMPV-C virus was developed. A recombinant copy and a recombinant virus in which the SH protein had been exchanged for that of a turkey AMPV-C were rescued. No change in cytopathogenic effect or replication profile in vitro were observed for either virus compared to the wild type. In SPF Muscovy ducks the wild type and its recombinant copy were equally pathogenic. Exchanging the SH in the recombinant copy produced the same results. In SPF turkeys, neither recombinant virus was pathogenic, although both showed a low level of replication. Thus, from the current model, it appears that AMPV-C SH proteins derived from the different species are compatible and that turkey SH does not affect duck AMPV-C pathogenicity.
Assuntos
Metapneumovirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Vírus Reordenados/fisiologia , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Tropismo Viral/genética , Animais , Efeito Citopatogênico Viral , Patos , Metapneumovirus/genética , Metapneumovirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Vírus Reordenados/patogenicidade , Genética Reversa , Perus , Proteínas Virais/genética , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Beef muscles submitted to four enhancement treatments (1.88% whey protein concentrate (WPC)+1.25% sodium chloride (NaCl); 1.88% modified whey protein concentrate (MWPC)+1.25%NaCl; 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP)+1.25%NaCl; 1.25%NaCl) and a control treatment (non-injected muscles) were sous vide cooked. Muscles with STPP+NaCl presented a significantly higher total yield (106.5%) in comparison to those with WPC/MWPC+NaCl (94.7% and 92.9%, respectively), NaCl alone (84.8%) or controls (72.1%). Muscles with STPP+NaCl presented significantly lower shear force values than control ones; also, WPC/MWPC+NaCl added muscles presented similar values than those from the other treatments. After cooking, muscles with STPP+NaCl or WPC/MWPC+NaCl depicted compacted and uniform microstructures. Muscles with STPP+NaCl showed a pink colour, meanwhile other treatment muscles presented colours between pinkish-grey and grey-brown. STPP+NaCl added samples presented the highest values of global tenderness and juiciness. The addition of STPP+NaCl had a better performance than WPC/MWPC+NaCl. However, the addition of WPC/MWPC+NaCl improved total yield in comparison to NaCl added or control ones.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Aditivos Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Carne , Proteínas do Leite/administração & dosagem , Músculo Esquelético/química , Animais , Bovinos , Fenômenos Químicos , Cor , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Polifosfatos/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Paladar , Proteínas do Soro do LeiteRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Sociedades Científicas/história , Sociedades Científicas/normas , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Dependência de Heroína/epidemiologia , Dependência de Heroína/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/imunologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/patologia , Saúde Mental , Serviços de Saúde Mental/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Codependência Psicológica , Codependência Psicológica/fisiologiaRESUMO
El presente trabajo está focalizado en la llamada patología dual (PD): trastorno bipolar (TB) asociado a un trastorno por uso de sustancias (TUS). A pesar de que tanto los psiquiatras que tratan a pacientes con TB como los médicos que tratan a los pacientes con TUS encuentran frecuentemente esta asociación, lamentablemente las publicaciones que exploran la PD son escasas. El Grupo Español de Trabajo en Patología Dual en Trastorno Bipolar realizó una revisión del material publicado mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline y seleccionó los artículos relevantes publicados hasta el momento; a continuación se llevó a cabo un consenso de expertos y finalmente se realizó una encuesta a expertos en PD para responder a las áreas que no estaban suficientemente cubiertas por la evidencia científica o en las cuales no se llegó a un consenso dentro del grupo de trabajo. Se concluye que en las actuales circunstancias el establecimiento de un consenso constituye una herramienta muy útil para complementarla evidencia científica existente (AU)
The present work focuses on the so-called dual diagnosis (DD): bipolar disorder (BD) associated with substance use disorders (SUD). Although the psychiatrists who treat patients with BD and physicians in charge of patients with SUD frequently find this association with DD, unfortunately there are few scientific works that have studied this association. The Spanish Working Groupon Bipolar Disorders in Dual Diagnosis reviewed the published material using a Medline search and selected the most relevant articles. Following this, the Work Group developed an expert consensus in DD and finally, a survey was performed among a group of experts in this disorder to cover the areas that were not fully addressed by the scientific evidence or in those areas in which the Work Group was unable to reach a consensus. We conclude that, in view of the above, establishment of a consensus is a valid tool to complement the current scientific evidence (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtorno Bipolar/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/psicologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Psicoterapia/métodos , Comorbidade , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/métodos , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/classificação , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/instrumentação , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)RESUMO
The present work focuses on the so-called dual diagnosis (DD): bipolar disorder (BD) associated with substance use disorders (SUD). Although the psychiatrists who treat patients with BD and physicians in charge of patients with SUD frequently find this association with DD, unfortunately there are few scientific works that have studied this association. The Spanish Working Group on Bipolar Disorders in Dual Diagnosis reviewed the published material using a Medline search and selected the most relevant articles. Following this, the Work Group developed an expert consensus in DD and finally, a survey was performed among a group of experts in this disorder to cover the areas that were not fully addressed by the scientific evidence or in those areas in which the Work Group was unable to reach a consensus. We conclude that, in view of the above, establishment of a consensus is a valid tool to complement the current scientific evidence.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/epidemiologia , Prova Pericial , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria) , HumanosRESUMO
Response surface methodology was used to optimize the effect of cooking temperature (CT: 65-75°C) and the incorporation of whey protein concentrate (WPC: 0-3.5%) and sodium chloride (NaCl: 0-2.5%) on technological, physical and sensory characteristics of cooked whole-muscle beef. Post-injection weight loss diminished when NaCl concentration increased. Moreover, the increment of both additives produced a reduction of cooking loss. An opposite effect was observed with the increment of CT. As it was expected, a total yield improvement was achieved by increasing both ingredients and diminishing CT. Equivalent yields are achieved complementing both ingredients, meaning that if one ingredient concentration is reduced the other has to be increased. Shear force values were not affected by the studied factors. Instead, lightness was reduced by their increment. At 65°C, injected muscles had lower flavour and odour scores than control. At all CT analyzed, the incorporated brines improved juiciness and tenderness-related attributes. Present results recommend the use of a CT of 70°C and maxima WPC and NaCl concentrations of 2.6% and 1.9%, respectively.
RESUMO
Semitendinosus muscles added with whey protein concentrate (WPC) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were submitted to sous vide cooking. Four enhancement treatments and a control were tested: 0.875% WPC (w/w)+0.625% NaCl, 2.625% WPC+0.625% NaCl, 0.875% WPC+1.875% NaCl, 2.625% WPC+1.875% NaCl, and control (non-injected muscles). Odour analyses were carried out with an electronic nose (EN) system. EN data were evaluated applying Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Partial Least Squares algorithm. EN was able to discriminate the odour profiles of cooked enhanced beef as a function of the amount of WPC added. No significant differences in odour profiles were observed regarding NaCl concentration. These results agreed with those obtained when odour profiles were analysed in WPC dispersions. The reported results support the applicability of EN methodology for analysing the impact of processing parameters on beef odour profiles.
RESUMO
Beef muscles cooked by the sous vide system were evaluated for the effects of pre-injection tumbling, brine addition and post-injection tumbling on technological parameters, physical properties, visual appearance and tissue microstructure. The muscles were injected at 120% (over original weight) with a brine formulated to give a concentration of 3.5% whey protein concentrate and 0.7% sodium chloride on an injected raw product basis. Pre-injection tumbling did not affect most of the evaluated parameters. Brine addition reduced significantly the cooking and total weight losses. Total weight loss was 7.2% for injected muscles, and significantly higher (28.2%) for non-injected ones. Brine incorporation increased pH and reduced shear force values of cooked muscles. Extended post-injection tumbling (5rpm-10h) improved brine distribution and visual appearance, and also diminished the shear force values of cooked muscles. However, this treatment increased the weight losses of post-injection tumbling and cooking-pasteurization stages.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although several approaches have been attempted for cocaine dependence, the pharmacological treatment of this serious disorder remains unclear. To date, desipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant of great noradrenergic activity, has shown the best results. Reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, might be an effective therapeutic option for this severe drug addiction. The aim was preliminarily to assess reboxetine in a group of cocaine dependent patients, selected from The Madrid City Council Drug Addiction Program primary care centres. METHOD: Twenty six patients with a diagnosis of cocaine dependence disorder (DSM-IV 304.20) were selected to receive open treatment with reboxetine, 8 mg/day, for 12 weeks. Follow up assessments comprised cocaine consumption, treatment retention rate and change in standard structured psychometric instrument scores: cocaine selective severity assessment, Hamilton anxiety scale, Hamilton depression scale and clinical global impression, throughout the treatment period. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 20 patients; 10 of them remained abstinent, whereas the other 10 consumed cocaine at some time during the study. The treatment retention rate at week 12 was 61.5%. The psychometric instrument mean scores showed marked decreases throughout the treatment period. CONCLUSION: Reboxetine might be an effective and safe therapeutic option for cocaine dependence disorder. The aversive effects, as well as the high blockage reported by some patients consuming cocaine during the trial, might be related to treatment. If confirmed in large clinical trials, the trends suggested by this study would confirm the role of noradrenergic function in the treatment of cocaine dependence.