Stress and Coping Strategies among Women in Late Motherhood.

Background: The shifting reproductive age of women is reflected in European populations. Pregnancy in women older than 35 years is considered high-risk and can be an additional source of stress. The aim of this study was to assess the perceived stress of women experiencing late motherhood and the coping strategies used. Methods: The study was conducted in Poland by means of a diagnostic survey, using the COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced) Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), and a self-administered questionnaire. The study included 310 women who gave birth to their first child after the age of 35 and 313 respondents in a control group who gave birth before this age. Results: Based on the results, there were no statistically significant differences in feelings of stress among women who gave birth to their first child after the age of 35 (M = 18.33) compared to the control group (M = 18.14). However, statistically significant differences were observed regarding stress coping strategies. Conclusions: Women giving birth after the age of 35 were more likely to use strategies including active coping, planning, positive reformulation, acceptance, turning to religion, and seeking instrumental support.

Knowledge of women in Poland on the profession and competencies of a midwife.

INTRODUCTION: The profession of a midwife, despite its long tradition in Poland, is still not widely known in the society. Both in terms of the competencies and roles, it is often confused with other medical professions such as nurses or gynecologists. In this study, we assessed the knowledge of women in Poland on the profession of a midwife. The aim of the research project was to obtain detailed data on the knowledge of women regarding the specific professional competencies of midwives. METHODS: The study used the method of a cross-sectional survey. A survey of 1134 adult Polish women was conducted. A 20-item questionnaire was developed with fourteen of the questions being based on the midwife's professional competencies. The study was conducted in 2019 and the questionnaire was distributed through various social groups for Polish women. RESULTS: Knowledge about the professional competencies of midwives increases proportionally to the level of the education of the respondents, their age and the scope of cooperation with midwives. The most well-known forms of midwifery were those related to lactation education (78.7%) and puerperal care (78.9%). The lowest rates, among other results, were prescribing drugs (23.1%) and collecting samples for cervical cytology (24.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The profession of a midwife in Poland is insufficiently popularized. Competencies shared with doctors require more dissemination. It is worth paying particular attention to the promotion of the profession in younger age groups, so that women can use their knowledge at subsequent stages of their lives.

Using Robson classification to analyze cesarean section and induction rates in relation to changes in the standards of perinatal care in one hospital in Poland.

BACKGROUND: Poland has one of the highest cesarean birth (CB) rates in Europe. For this study, we used the Robson Ten-Group Classification System (TGCS) to analyze trends in the induction and CB rates in one hospital in Poland over a period of 11 years. We compare these trends with changes in National Legislative and Medical Guidelines introduced during this time that were aimed at lowering rates of unnecessary medical interventions. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including all births after 24 weeks' gestation between 2010 and 2020 from one tertiary hospital (n = 66,716 births). After the deletion of records with missing data, 66,678 births were included in the analysis. All births were classified according to the Robson TGCS. The size, CB rate, and contribution of each group for every year were calculated. Linear regression analyses were used to analyze trends over time. RESULTS: The total CB rate varied from 29.6% to 33.0% during the study period, with a linear increase of 0.045 percentage points annually (R2 = 0.021; F(1) = 0.189; p = 0.674). This study was considerably lower than the total CB rate for Poland, which rose from 33.9% in 2010 to 45.1% in 2020, increasing at a rate of 1.13 percentage points per year (R2 = 0.93; F(1) = 61.88; p < 0.001). Induction rates among both nulliparous (R1 + R2) and multiparous (R3 + R4) women at term also increased. Study groups R5 (previous cesarean birth), R2 (nulliparous in induced or prelabor cesarean delivery), and R1 (nulliparous women at term with single cephalic pregnancy in spontaneous labor) were the highest contributors to the overall CB rate. The greatest decrease in the CB rate was detected in group R5b (more than one previous CB). None of the groups showed statistically significant increases in CB rates over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The CB rate in the hospital where the study was conducted was considerably lower than the total CB rate in Poland. When compared with countries with similar CB rates, group R2b (women with nulliparous, prelabor cesarean birth) in our study was considerably larger. More comparisons across different hospital settings in Poland are needed. However, as hospitals are not encouraged to routinely collect the data needed to construct TGCS, such comparisons are very difficult to conduct.

'Do we need doulas ?' - Perspectives of maternity care managers on the role of doulas in Poland.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyse perinatal care managers' perspectives on the role of doulas in Poland and to consider how managers' perspectives might affect the opportunities for doulas to practice in individual hospitals. DESIGN: This is a qualitative descriptive study. METHOD: The total of 17 hospitals was selected for the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 manager staff members. RESULTS: Three groups of facilities were identified: '0' (n = 6) - refused to give interviews, 'A' (n = 8) - marginal experience in working with doulas, and 'B' (n = 3) - regular experience in working with doulas. The hospitals from Group A showed indifference towards working with doulas. Group B declared a positive attitude towards such cooperation. Attitudes towards doulas vary among executives and are related to the frequency of doula-assisted births. Our results indicate factors that may influence the attitude of medical staff towards doulas and which may contribute to improve future initiatives meant to facilitate collaboration between midwives and doulas. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study explored the lived experiences of perinatal care managers.

Parental experiences of prenatal education when preparing for labor and birth of infant with a lethal diagnosis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the unique experiences of parents facing a Life Limiting Fetal Conditions (LLFC) diagnosis, who chose to continue with their pregnancy, as they prepare for childbirth through individual and group prenatal education. DESIGN: A qualitative study. METHODS: We employed the phenomenological approach and the Colaizzi strategy to analyse semi-structured interviews. Thirteen persons were interviewed. The participants were couples (n = 6) and women (n = 7) who received LLFC and were preparing for birth. RESULTS: We described three main paths of prenatal education chosen by parents with LLFC: 'Searching for normality' concerned people participating in conventional prenatal classes (AC) who tried to avoid confronting the situation they faced; 'Searching for communitas' concerned the participation in special AC selected for the opportunity of sharing experiences; 'Searching for an individual way' concerned people who resorted to individual preparation for childbirth, often as a result of delayed planning. Parents should have a choice of various paths of birth preparation, that best meet their preferences.

The Experiences of Midwives Who Attend Births by Women with Life-Limiting Fetal Conditions (LLFC): A Phenomenological Research Study.

Providing care to a woman after a Life-Limiting Fetal Conditions (LLFC) diagnosis is a difficult experience for midwives. This study's aim is to describe the experience of midwives assisting in births following an LLFC diagnosis. It is a qualitative study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 midwives with experience in caring for women giving birth following an LLFC diagnosis. The data was analyzed through coding using the MAXQDA tool. The main theme emerging from the experience of midwives concerned difficulty in interacting with the woman giving birth. The analysis singled out four subthemes containing the most significant issues arising from the experience of midwives in caring for a woman giving birth to a lethally ill child: in relation with the woman giving birth; in relation with the child and the family; in relation with oneself; and in relation with the workplace. Midwives should have access not only to solid knowledge about this question, but also to courses developing skills in dealing with difficult situations, in coping with stress, in expressing compassion and, most importantly, in communicating with women and their families in such difficult circumstances.

Cooperation between midwives and doulas in the context of perinatal care - a integrative review of qualitative and quantitative studies.

BACKGROUND: A doula is a person who provides support to women in the perinatal period without providing medical services. During childbirth, the doula becomes a member of the interdisciplinary team. This integrative review aims to analyse the nature of the cooperation between doulas and midwives, its efficiency and challenges and ways of strengthening this cooperation. METHODS: A structured integrative review of empirical and theoretical studies written in English was conducted. The literature search included MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Embase Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition databases. The analysis included papers published in 1995-2020. Dedicated documents were searched for different combinations of terms and standard logical operators. A manual search of the studies was included for additional references. RESULTS: Twenty-three articles from 75 full-text records were analysed. Three main themes emerged. (1) doulas are needed to prop up the system (2) barriers in collaboration between midwives and doulas; and (3) how cooperation between midwives and doulas can be strengthened. None of the articles referred directly to the impact of collaboration between midwives and doulas on the quality of perinatal care. CONCLUSION: This is the first review to analyse the impact of collaboration between midwives and doulas on the quality of perinatal care. Ensuring adequate collaboration between doulas and midwives requires effort from both of these professional groups and the health care system. However, such collaboration is supportive for birthing women and the perinatal care system. Further research in terms of the impact of this collaboration on the quality of perinatal care is needed.

Nurses Coping with Stressful Situations-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Nursing belongs to the group of professions particularly exposed to stress. Since the ability to cope with stress is an important aspect of mental health, the aim of this study was to identify the types of nurses' behaviours in terms of different coping styles used when dealing with work-related and psychosocial stress. The study was conducted among 1223 Polish nurses by means of a diagnostic survey, using the Coping in Stressful Situations Questionnaire (CISS), the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and a questionnaire of the author's own design. Three types of nurses were distinguished: Type 1 (non-harmonious/organised)-nurses with lower professional education, longer work experience, at least average severity of stress related to working conditions, the lowest GSES scores, and worse psychophysical condition, who focused on their own emotional state when faced with stressful situations. Type 2 (harmonious)-nurses with higher education, the lowest intensity of work-related stresses, the highest GSES scores, positive self-reported psycho-physical condition, most often using the task-oriented coping style in stressful situations. Type 3 (non-harmonious/disorganised)-nurses with shorter length of service in the profession, the highest intensity of work-related stress, average GSES scores, and poorer self-reported psycho-physical condition. The presented results may provide a basis for preventive measures to minimise stress and increase competence in coping strategies, thus contributing to improved psychological and physical well-being of nurses.