Association of dietary antioxidant indices with kidney function indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between dietary antioxidant indices and kidney function indicators in 240 outpatient adults with type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), dietary antioxidant index (DAI), and dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) were obtained. Indicators of kidney function, including serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), were extracted from medical records. After adjustment, the highest DAI tertile had lower serum creatinine (0.98 ± 0.27 vs 1.03 ± 0.32 mg/dL, P < 0.001), reduced urea (30.97 ± 8.75 vs 34.07 ± 14.45 mg/dL, P = 0.005), and higher GFR (85.16 ± 29.43 vs 74.16 ± 22.18 ml/min per 1·73 m2, P < 0.001) compared to the lowest tertile. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated a borderline significant inverse association of serum urea > 20 mg/dl with DTAC (odds ratio (OR):0.28; 95% CI: 0.07-1.09; Ptrend = 0.06). Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed a significant aligned correlation between DAQs and GFR (ß: 0.20; P-value: 0.005) and a marginally significant direct relationship between DAI and GFR (ß: 0.14; P-value: 0.06). However, no significant association was observed for DTAC with GFR (ß:-0.02; P-value: 0.80). Diets with higher antioxidant capacity may be linked to improved kidney function in type 2 diabetes but our results did not support this strongly.

The association between dietary habits and self-care behavior of pregnant women with pregnancy complications.

Pregnancy as a sensitive period has a critical effect on the mother and infant's life. It is well understood that dietary habits and mother awareness can improve health status and prevent pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and nausea and vomiting. The current study was conducted to investigate the association between dietary habits and self-care behaviors with pregnancy complications. This cross-sectional study was conducted across 300 pregnant women in their third trimester referred to healthcare centers and Yas hospital in Tehran, Iran. Dietary habits and self-care behaviors were assessed by valid and reliable questionnaires. Dietary intake and physical activity were evaluated using valid and reliable Food Frequency Questionnaires and Pregnancy Physical Activity questionnaires, respectively. Women with self-care behaviors had a lower rate of pre-eclampsia (P = 0.9). Regarding food habits, pregnant women who ate their meals faster had a non-significantly higher rate of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Pregnant women who consumed red meat on a daily frequency had a significantly higher rate of nausea and vomiting (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.05-3.28, P = 0.03). Also, there was a significant positive association between the mother's pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia [(OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.03-3.98, P = 0.03) and (OR 4.23; 95% CI 1.12-16.0, P = 0.03) respectively]. There was no significant association between pregnant women's dietary habits and GDM and pre-eclampsia. However, pregnant women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity had increased odds of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia significantly.

Association between protein intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common condition in pregnancy, the prevalence of which has increased. Identifying modifiable risk factors for GDM, such as dietary factors, could prevent or delay the onset of the condition. Our goal was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of cohort studies, to summarize the current evidence on the relationship between total, animal, and plant protein intake during pregnancy, as well as pre-pregnancy protein intake, and the risk of GDM. METHODS: A literature search was completed using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to January 2023 and references of retrieved relevant articles. Observational studies examining the association between the consumption of dietary protein from different sources in pre-pregnancy or/and during pregnancy and the risk of GDM were included. To combine effect sizes for the comparison between the highest and lowest categories of protein intake, a random effects model was utilized. Dose-response relationships were investigated using a 1-stage random-effects model. RESULTS: 8 observational studies were included in the systematic review and 5 prospective cohort studies in the meta-analysis, involving a total of 24,160 participants and 2450 cases of GDM. The analysis revealed a significant association between total protein intake during pregnancy and an elevated risk of GDM (relative risk (RR): 2.24, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.67-3.00, P = 0.000). Conversely, no significant association was found between total protein intake before pregnancy and the risk of GDM. Both animal protein intake before pregnancy (RR: 1.47, 95 % CI: 1.06-2.03, P = 0.021) and during pregnancy (RR; 2.31, 95 % CI: 1.43-3.73, P = 0.001) showed a significant association with GDM. Interestingly, there was no significant association between the consumption of plant protein both before and during pregnancy and the risk of GDM. Further analysis revealed that an additional 5 % energy from total protein and animal protein per day was associated with a 24 % and 32 % before and 114 % and 67 % increased risk of GDM during pregnancy respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, consumption of animal protein and total protein before pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of GDM, although the association is not significant for total protein. Conversely, plant protein intake is linked to a decreased risk of GDM, however, the results are not significant. The intake of any protein type (plant/animal/total) during pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of GDM, with this association being statistically insignificant for plant protein. Further cohort studies are required to validate the findings presented in this study. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42023396215).