Bacteriophage performance against Staphylococcus aureus in milk is improved by high hydrostatic pressure treatments.

The combined effect of bacteriophages, vB_SauS-phi-IPLA35 (phiIPLA35) and vB_SauS-phi-IPLA88 (phiIPLA88), and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on Staphylococcus aureus Sa9 was evaluated in pasteurized whole milk under a simulated cold chain break, which was simulated by incubation of milk at 25°C for 48 h. Four-hundred MPa was found to be the most suitable pressure to be used in combination with these phages. Two different levels of staphylococcal initial contamination (1×10(4) and 1×10(6) CFU/mL) were tested. A synergistic effect between HHP and phages was observed in both cases. Compared to each single treatment, the combined treatment was able to reduce the initial S. aureus contamination below the detection limit (<10 CFU/mL). Bacteriophage performance in pressurize milk against S. aureus enabled milder hydrostatic pressure treatments, therefore phages can be regarded as a valuable hurdle on minimally processed food.

Obstrucción inadvertida del tubo endotraqueal durante una cirugía raquídea con anestesia general / No disponible

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Analgesia PCA por catéter interesternocleidomastoideo frente analgesia PCA intravenosa tras cirugía proximal de húmero / Continuous Intersternocleidomastoid PCA analgesia Vs intravenous PCA analgesia after proximal shoulder surgery

Introducción: Comparar la eficacia analgésica e incidencia de efectos adversos entre el bloqueo interesternocleidomastoideo continuo y una pauta analgésica intravenosa tras cirugía proximal de húmero. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo descriptivo no aleatorizado de pacientes intervenidos de cirugía de hombro bajo anestesia general on fentanilo intravenoso como analgesia intraoperatoria. Al grupo 1 se realizó bloqueo interesternocleidomastoideo con ropivacaína 0,5% 0,4 mL Kg-1 y en URPA se comenzó una perfusión de ropivacaína 0,2% 5mL h-1, con bolos PCA5 mL y tiempo de cierre de 30 minutos. Al grupo 2, a su llegada a la URPA se administró una dosis carga de metamizol2 gr, tramadol 100 mgr y ondansetrón 4 mgr, seguido por una perfusión de metamizol 0,16%, tramadol 0,04% y ondansetrón 0,0016% a 1,5 mL h-1 bolos PCA 1 mL y tiempo de cierre 20 minutos. La variable principal fue la valoración del dolor postoperatorio, en reposo y movimiento, mediante escala verbal numérica de 0 (no dolor) a 10 (máximo dolor) y la aparición de efectos indeseables. Resultados: Se incluyeron 38 pacientes en el grupo 1 y 39 en el 2. La valoración del dolor postoperatorio puso de manifiesto valores más elevados en las primeras 24 horas al movimiento y a las 48 horas, tanto en reposo como al movimiento, en el grupo2 (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias en analgesia de rescate demandada. Se registraron 2 episodios de disfonía, 2 de ptosispalpebral y 3 de náuseas y vómitos en el grupo 1, mientras que en el grupo 2, 12 pacientes presentaron náuseas y vómitos (p<0,05) y otros 3 sedación. Conclusiones: El uso de PCA por catéter interesternocleidomastoideo en nuestro estudio, ha constituido una técnica segura y ha proporcionado mejor analgesia que una PCA intravenosa, con menos efectos indeseables, en las primeras 48 horas del postoperatorio (AU)

Objectives: We have compared results in postoperative analgesia and incidence of side effects between a continuous intersternocleidomastoid blockade and intravenous analgesia after proximal shoulder surgery. Methods: In a prospective no randomized study on patients scheduledfor unilateral shoulder surgery under general anaesthesia with intravenous fentanil as intraoperative analgesia. In group1, a continuous intersternocleidomastoid blockade was performed with a bolus of ropivacaine 0,5% 0,4 mL/kg before surgery and a postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)infusion pump of 0,2% ropivacaine (5ml/h, PCA bolus 5 ml/ 30 minutes) was started in the recuperation unit. In group2, an initial intravenous bolus of 2 gr magnesium metamizol,100 mg tramadol and 4 mgr ondansetron was administered when patient arrived to recuperation unit and followed by aPCA infusion of 0,16% magnesium metamizol, 0,04% tramadol and 0,0016% ondansetron (1,5 mL h-1, PCA bolus 1mL/20 minutes) was started. The principal data analized was postoperative pain, at rest and during movement by an analogic numeric scale (0 no dolor, 10 maxime dolor) and the incidence of side effects. Results: We included 38 patients in group 1 and 39 in group 2. The evaluation of postoperative pain demostrated elevated pain scores during movement at first 24 hours and at rest and during movement at 48 hours in group 2, with significant stadistical differences (p<0,05). Minor complications were observed, in group 1 a recurrence laryngeal nerve blockade in two patients, a transient Horner’s syndrome in 2 patients and vomitus in three patients. And in group 2, 12 patients presented nauseas and vomitus and another 3 patients presented sedation. Discussion PCA by intersternocleidomastoid blockade was an effective and well tolerated technique in our study and it provided better pain scores than intravenous PCA with lower side effects in the first 48 hours after shoulder surgery (AU)

Circadian rhythm of melatonin, corticosterone and phagocytosis: effect of stress.

Melatonin has a functional connection with the immune system. Phagocyte function is altered by extirpation of the pineal gland, one source of melatonin, or by in vitro incubation of phagocytes with pharmacological concentrations of melatonin. Given that its synthesis by pinealocytes is under the control of the noradrenaline released by the sympathetic postganglionaric nerve endings, the present work was aimed at evaluating the circadian rhythm of melatonin, corticosterone, and phagocytosis in BALB/c mice in basal and stress situations. Peritoneal macrophages were used as phagocytes, latex beads as the particles to be ingested, and forced swimming to exhaustion as the stress situation. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the animals' serum hormone levels. Samples were taken every 3 hr in the period from 04:00 to 22:00 hr, and every 30 min during the remaining period from 22:00 to 04:00 hr. Control mice presented a short-term melatonin peak at 23:30 hr, while the maximum inert-particle ingestion capacity of the peritoneal macrophages also occurred during the night but at 03:30 hr. The corticosterone levels in control mice presented a circadian rhythm with a day-time maximum peak (16:00 hr). Compared with the controls, the animals subjected to stress maintained, although at lower values, the melatonin peak at 23:30 hr, but they presented a loss of the rhythm of serum corticosterone levels, and the corticosterone levels and the macrophage phagocytic capacity were greater at all hours of the day.