Synthesis and characterizations of super adsorbent hydrogel based on biopolymer, Guar Gum-grafted-Poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (Gg-g-Poly (HEMA)) for the removal of Bismarck brown Y dye from aqueous solution.

Chemical modification of guar gum was done by graft copolymerization of monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. Optimal reaction parameters were settled by varying one reaction condition and keeping the other constant. The optimum reaction conditions worked out were solvent system: binary, [H2O] = 15.00 mL, [acetone] = 5.00 mL, [HEMA] = 82.217× 10-2 mol/L, [AIBN] = 3.333 × 10-2 mol/L, reaction time = 3 h, reaction temperature = 60 °C on to 1.00 g guar gum with Pg = 1694.6 and %GE = 68,704.152. Pure guar gum polymer and grafts were analyzed by several physicochemical investigation techniques like FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX, and swelling studies. Percent swelling of the guar gum polymer and grafts was investigated at pH 2.2, 7.0, 7.4 and 9.4 concerning time. The finest yield of Ps was recorded at pH 9.4 with time 24 h for graft copolymer. Guar gum and grafted samples were explored for the sorption of toxic dye Bismarck brown Y from the aqueous solution with respect to variable contact time, pH, temperature and dye concentration so as to investigate the stimuli responsive sorption behaviour. Graft copolymers showed better results than guar gum with percent dye uptake (Du) of 97.588 % in 24 h contact time, 35 °C temperature, 9.4 pH at 150.00 ppm dye feed concentration as compared to Guar gum which only showed 85.260 % dye uptake at alike dye fed concentration. The kinetic behaviour of the polymeric samples was evaluated by applying many adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. The value of 1/n was between 0 â†’ 1 showing that there was physisorption of the BB dye that took place on the surface of the polymers. Thermodynamics of BB Y adsorption onto hydrogels was investigated concerning the Van't Hoff equation. -∆G° values obtained from the curve proved the spontanity of the process. Within the context of adsorption efficiency, an investigation was conducted to examine the process of sorption of Bismarck brown Y dye from aqueous solutions. The graft copolymers demonstrated remarkable adsorption abilities, achieving a dye uptake (Du) of 97.588 % over a 24-h period at a temperature of 35 °C, pH level of 9.4, and a dye concentration of 150.00 ppm. The raised adsorption capacity was additionally corroborated by the application of several adsorption isotherms and kinetic models, which indicated that physisorption is the prevailing process/mechanism. Additionally, the thermodynamic research, utilising the Van't Hoff equation, validated the spontaneity of the adsorption phenomenon, as evidenced by the presence of a negative ∆G° values. The thermodynamic analysis revealed herein establishes a strong scientific foundation for the effectiveness of adsorbent composed of graft copolymers based on guar gum. The research conclude the efficiency of the guar gum based grafted copolymers for the water remediation as efficient adsorbents. The captured dye can be re-utilised and the hydrogels can be used for the same purpose in number of cycles.

Effects of stenosis and aneurysm on blood flow in stenotic-aneurysmal artery.

Blood is indeed a suspension of the different type of cells along with shear thinning, yield stress and viscoelastic characteristics, which can be expressed by Newtonian and a lot of non-Newtonian models. Choosing Newtonian fluid as a sample, an unsteady solver for Newtonian fluid is constructed to determine the transient flow of blood in the obscure region. In this probe, the computational unsteady flow of blood in artery with aneurysm and symmetric stenosis has been considered, which is novelty of current research. The results of this investigation can be applied to detect stenotic-aneurysmal diseases and enhance knowledge of the stenotic-aneurysmal artery, which may increase the understanding of medical science. The blood artery is modeled as a circular tube having a 0.3-m radius and a 2-m length along the horizontal axis. The velocity of blood is taken at 0.12 ms-1 so that the geometry satisfies the characteristics of the blood vessel. The governing mass and momentum equations are then solved by finite difference technique of discretization. In this research, important variations in blood pressure and velocity at stenosis and aneurysms in the artery are found. The significant influences on blood flow of the stenotic-aneurysmal artery for pressure and velocity profiles of blood are displayed graphically for the Newtonian model.

Mathematical Modeling and backward bifurcation in monkeypox disease under real observed data.

We propose a mathematical model to analyze the monkeypox disease in the context of the known cases of the USA epidemic. We formulate the model and obtain their essential properties. The equilibrium points are found and their stability is demonstrated. We prove that the model is locally asymptotical stable (LAS) at disease free equilibrium (DFE) under R0<1. The presence of an endemic equilibrium is demonstrated, and the phenomena of backward bifurcation is discovered in the monkeypox disease model. In the monkeypox infectious disease model, the parameters that lead to backward bifurcation are θr, τ1, and ξr. When R0>1, we determine the model's global asymptotical stability (GAS). To parameterize the model using real data, we obtain the real value of the model parameters and compute R1=0.5905. Additionally, we do a sensitivity analysis on the parameters in R0. We conclude by presenting specific numerical findings.

Significance of Dufour and Soret aspects on dynamics of water based ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in a 3D computational domain.

The prime motive to conduct this communication is to explicate hydrothermal attributes of water by inducing new composition of nanoparticles termed as ternary particles. For this purpose, two differently natured groups one with lesser densities (Carbon nanotubes, Graphene and Aluminium oxide) and with higher densities (Copper oxide, Copper and Silver) are accounted. A 3D permeable surface is considered as a physical configuration of problem by providing dual stretching. Initially, mathematical structuring in dimensional representation expressing the constitutive relations for mass, momentum and energy conservation is manifested. Later on, a set of similar variables are executed to express attained coupled system into ordinary form. Numerical simulations are performed to find solution by employing shooting and RK-4 methods in conjunction. Description about change is displayed through graphical visualization. Subsequently, temperature distribution and heat flux coefficient against sundry variables are also measured and comprehensively discussed in pictorial and tabular format. Wall drag coefficients along (x, y) directions are also computed. It is inferred from the outcomes that velocity, temperature and concentration of base fluid is higher for ternary group 1 containing particles of low densities than for group 2 with more denser particles. It is also deduced that elevation in temperature of fluid is revealed against Soret number whereas contrary aspects is observed in view of concentration distribution. Dufour number has declining impact on temperature profile whereas it upsurges the mass distribution. It is depicted that skin friction in case of group containing particles with less densities are more than other group.

Flow Characteristics of Heat and Mass for Nanofluid under Different Operating Temperatures over Wedge and Plate.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nanofluids are a new class of heat transfer fluids that are used for different heat transfer applications. The transport characteristics of these fluids not only depend upon flow conditions but also strongly depend on operating temperature. In respect of these facts, the properties of these fluids are modified to measure the temperature effects and used in the governing equations to see the heat and mass flow behavior. Design of Model: Consider the nanofluids which are synthesized by dispersing metallic oxides (SiO2, Al2O3), carbon nanostructures (PEG-TGr, PEG-GnP), and nanoparticles in deionized water (DIW), with (0.025-0.1%) particle concentration over (30-50 °C) temperature range. The thermophysical properties of these fluids are modeled theoretically with the help of experimental data as a function of a temperature and volume fraction. These models are further used in transport equations for fluid flow over both wedge and plate. To get the solution, the equations are simplified in the shape of ordinary differential equations by applying the boundary layer and similarity transformations and then solved by the RK method. RESULTS: The solution of the governing equation is found in the form of velocity and temperature expressions for both geometries and displayed graphically for discussion. Moreover, momentum and thermal boundary layer thicknesses, displacement, momentum thicknesses, the coefficient of skin friction, and Nusselt number are calculated numerically in tabular form. FINDING: The maximum reduction and enhancement in velocity and temperature profile is found in the case of flow over the plate as compared to the wedge. The boundary layer parameters are increased in the case of flow over the plate than the wedge.

Convective Heat and Mass Transport in Casson Fluid Flow in Curved Corrugated Cavity with Inclined Magnetic Field.

Convection in fluids produced by temperature and solute concentration differences is known as thermosolutal convection. It has valuable utilization in wide industrial and technological procedures such as electronic cooling, cleaning, and dying processes, oxidation of surface materials, storage components, heat exchangers, and thermal storage systems. In view of such prominent physical significance, focus is made to explicate double (thermal and solutal)-diffusive transport in viscoelastic fluid characterized by the Casson model enclosed in a curved enclosure with corrugations. An incliningly directed magnetic field is employed to the flow domain. A uniformly thermalized and concentrated circular cylinder is installed at the center of the enclosure to measure transport changes. Dimensionally balanced governing equations are formulated in 2D, representing governed phenomenon. Finite element-based open-sourced software known as COMSOL is utilized. The domain of the problem is distributed in the form of triangular and quadrilateral elements. Transport distributions are interpolated by linear and quadratic polynomials. The attained non-linear system is solved by a less time and computation cost consuming package known as PARDISO. Convergence tests for grid generation and validation of results are executed to assure credibility of work. The influence of involved physical parameters on concerned fields are revealed in graphical and tabular manner. Additionally, heat and mass fluxes, along with, kinetic energy variation are also evaluated.

The Influence of Aligned MHD on Engine Oil-Based Casson Nanofluid with Carbon Nanotubes (Single and Multi-Wall) Passing through a Shrinking Sheet with Thermal Radiation and Wall Mass Exchange.

The optimization of heating or cooling during an industrial system may result in power savings, reduced processing time, enhanced thermal efficiency, and increased equipment operating lifespan. The advancement of high-efficiency thermal systems for heat and mass transport improvement has become increasingly popular in recent years. The analysis of aligned magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on engine oil-based Casson nanofluid with carbon nanotubes (single and multi-wall) passing a shrinking sheet following the thermal radiation and wall mass transport phenomena is carried out in this aspect. The dynamic model is utilized to reduce difficult ordinary differential equations into nondimensional forms, which are then analytically assessed. To study the repercussions of a physical parameter on the velocity field, skin friction at the wall, the stream pattern, the temperature distribution, isotherm, and the local Nusselt, numeric data and visualizations are generated. When the value of ϕ increases, the velocity field decelerates, and the velocity pattern of multi-walled CNTs drops considerably when compared to single-walled CNTs. The local Nusselt number is a decreasing function of N and ϕ and the opposite trend is shown for Pr. The local Nusselt number is a decreasing function of N and ϕ and the opposite trend is shown for Pr. The single-walled CNTs have a higher degradation rate as compared to multi-walled CNTs. It is found that higher temperature distribution occurs in the case of multi-walled CNT-based fluid as compared to single-walled CNT-based fluid.

Insight into the heat transfer of third-grade micropolar fluid over an exponentially stretched surface.

Due to their unique microstructures, micropolar fluids have attracted enormous attention for their industrial applications, including convective heat and mass transfer polymer production and rigid and random cooling particles of metallic sheets. The thermodynamical demonstration is an integral asset for anticipating the ideal softening of heat transfer. This is because there is a decent connection between mathematical and scientific heat transfers through thermodynamic anticipated outcomes. A model is developed under the micropolar stream of a non-Newtonian (3rd grade) liquid in light of specific presumptions. Such a model is dealt with by summoning likeness answers for administering conditions. The acquired arrangement of nonlinear conditions is mathematically settled using the fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg strategy. The outcomes of recognized boundaries on liquid streams are investigated in subtleties through the sketched realistic images. Actual amounts like Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and skin-part coefficient are explored mathematically by tables. It is observed that the velocity distribution boosts for larger values of any of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and declines for larger [Formula: see text] and Hartmann numbers. Furthermore, the temperature distribution [Formula: see text] shows direct behavior with the radiation parameter and Eckert number, while, opposite behavior with Pr, and K. Moreover, the concentration distribution shows diminishing behavior as we put the higher value of the Brownian motion number.

Dynamics of Rotating Micropolar Fluid over a Stretch Surface: The Case of Linear and Quadratic Convection Significance in Thermal Management.

This article analyzes the significance of linear and quadratic convection on the dynamics of micropolar fluid due to a stretching surface in the presence of magnetic force and a rotational frame. Modern technological implementations have attracted researchers to inquire about non-Newtonian fluids, so the effect of linear and nonlinear convection conditions is accounted for in the dynamics of non-Newtonian fluid. The highly nonlinear governing equations are converted into a system of dimensionless ODEs by using suitable similarity transformations. The bvp4c technique is applied in MATLAB software to obtain a numerical solution. This investigation examines the behavior of various parameters with and without quadratic convection on the micro-rotation, velocity, and temperature profiles via graphical consequences. The velocity profile decreases with a higher input by magnetic and rotating parameters, and fluid velocity is more elevated in the nonlinear convection case. However, the temperature profile shows increasing behavior for these parameters and quadratic convection increases the velocity profile but has an opposite tendency for the temperature distribution. The micro-rotation distribution is augmented for higher magnetic inputs in linear convection but reduces against thermal buoyancy.

Insight into the Role of Nanoparticles Shape Factors and Diameter on the Dynamics of Rotating Water-Based Fluid.

This article addresses the dynamic of three-dimensional rotating flow of Maxwell nanofluid across a linearly stretched sheet subject to a water-based fluid containing copper nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are used due to their fascinating features, such as exceptional thermal conductivity, which is crucial in modern nanotechnology and electronics. The primary goal of this comprehensive study is to examine the nanoparticles size and shape factors effect on the base fluid temperature. The mathematical model contains the governing equations in three dimensional partial differential equations form, and these equations transformed into dimensionless ordinary dimensional equations via suitable similarity transformation. The bvp4c technique is harnessed and coded in Matlab script to obtain a numerical solution of the coupled non-linear ordinary differential problem. It is observed that the greater input of rotating, Deborah number, and magnetic parameters caused a decline in the fluid primary and secondary velocities, but the nanoparticles concentration enhanced the fluid temperature. Further, a substantial increment in the nanofluid temperature is achieved for the higher nanoparticle's diameter and shape factors.

Structural and Electronic Properties of SnO Downscaled to Monolayer.

Two-dimensional (2D) SnO is a p-type semiconductor that has received research and industrial attention for device-grade applications due to its bipolar conductivity and transparent semiconductor nature. The first-principles investigations based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) level of theory often failed to accurately model its structure due to interlayer Van der Waals interactions. This study is carried out to calculate structural and electronic properties of bulk and layered structures of SnO using dispersion correction scheme DFT+D3 with GGA-PBE to deal with the interactions which revealed good agreement of the results with reported data. The material in three-dimensional bulk happened to be an indirect gap semiconductor with a band gap of 0.6 eV which is increased to 2.85 eV for a two-dimensional monolayer structure. The detailed analysis of the properties demonstrated that the SnO monolayer is a promising candidate for future optoelectronics and spintronics devices, especially thin film transistors.