Size-driven parr-smolt transformation in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou).

Anadromous salmonids exhibit partial migration, where some individuals within a population migrate down to the ocean through complex interactions between body size and photoperiod. This study aimed to integrate the ontogenetic and seasonal patterns of smoltification, a series of changes for future marine life, in a strain of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Spring smoltification, as evidenced by the activation of gill Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), was induced during winter under an advanced photoperiod. In addition, juveniles showed an additional peak in gill NKA activity in August regardless of the photoperiod. When juvenile masu salmon were subjected to feeding manipulations during the first spring/summer, only fish exceeding a fork length of 12 cm exhibited an increased gill NKA activity. We tested whether size-driven smoltification required a long-day period by exposing juveniles to a constant short-day length (9-h light and 15-h dark) from January to November. Juveniles under short-day conditions exceeded 12 cm in June but showed no signs of smoltification. Thus, masu salmon undergo photoperiod-limited, size-driven smoltification during the first summer and size-limited, photoperiod-driven smoltification the following spring. The findings of the present study provide a framework for further elucidation of the physiological mechanisms underlying partial migration in salmonids.

[A Case Report of Metachronous Multiple Cancers Including Triple Lung Cancers, Gastric Cancer, and Double Urothelial Cancers].

A male patient in his 60s at the time of the first medical examination had a smoking history of 50 years with 25 cigarettes a day. He was diagnosed with double urothelial cancers. In 200a, total left pelvic ureterectomy(pT2N0M0, Stage Ⅱ)and transurethral bladder tumorectomy(pTisN0M0, Stage Ⅰ)were performed. For his gastric cancer with malignant pleural effusion(cT3N0M1, Stage Ⅳb), in 200a plus 2, downstaging was acquired after chemotherapy. In 200a plus 5, subtotal gastrectomy D1 dissection was performed(W/D adenocarcinoma, pT2N0M0, Stage ⅠA, Ef 1). For the first lung cancer, in 200a plus 5, thoracoscopic lung wedge resection of the left lower lobe was performed(P/D adenocarcinoma, pT1aN0M0, Stage ⅠA1, R0, Ef 1). For the second lung cancer, in 200a plus 13, thoracoscopic lung wedge resection of the right upper lobe was performed after chemotherapy(P/D adenocarcinoma, pT1bN0M0, Stage ⅠA2, R0). For the third lung cancer, in 200a plus 17, immunotherapy was performed for the left upper lobe lung cancer(P/D adenocarcinoma, cT3N1M1a, Stage ⅢA). All the cancers were diagnosed as primary lesions by immunohistological examination. For the metachronous multiple cancers, multidisciplinary treatment was necessary for each cancer considering the patient's physical condition. Moreover, strict follow-up was necessary because of the high risk of carcinogenesis.

Changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding proteins in yearling rainbow trout during spring under natural and manipulated photoperiods and their relationships with gill Na+, K+-ATPase and body size.

Smoltification in salmonids occurs during spring in response to increasing photoperiod to prepare for marine life. Smoltification is associated with increased hypo-osmoregulatory ability and enhanced growth potential, mediated by growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Rainbow trout is uniquely insensitive to the induction of smoltification-associated changes by photoperiod, such as the activation of gill Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). We measured the circulating IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2b levels in yearling rainbow trout exposed to natural and manipulated photoperiods during spring and correlated these with gill NKA activity and body size. Although the effect of photoperiod manipulation on body size and circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-2b was negligible, they were positively correlated with gill NKA activity in fish under simulated natural photoperiod. We next pit-tagged yearling rainbow trout and fed them a restricted ration or to satiation under a natural photoperiod. In April, gill NKA activity was higher in the satiation group than in the restricted group and positively correlated with body size and growth rate. In addition, circulating IGFBP-2b was positively correlated with gill NKA, size and growth, whereas circulating IGF-1 was correlated only with size and growth. The relationship between circulating IGF-1 and growth intensified from May to June, suggesting that the IGF-1-growth relationship was disrupted in April when gill NKA was activated. Two additional IGFBPs were related to growth parameters but not to gill NKA activity. The present study suggests that circulating IGFBP-2b and IGF-1 mediate the size-dependent activation of gill NKA in yearling rainbow trout during spring.

Control of Developmental Speed in Zebrafish Embryos Using Different Incubation Temperatures.

The zebrafish is a valuable model organism that is widely used in studies of vertebrate development. In the laboratory, zebrafish embryonic development is normally carried out at 28.5°C. In this study, we sought to determine whether it was possible to modify the speed of embryonic development through the use of short- and long-term variations in incubation temperature. After incubation at 20°C-32°C, most early-stage embryos survived to the epiboly stage, whereas more than half of the embryos died at <20°C or >32°C. The rate of development differed between embryos incubated at the lowest (18°C) and highest (34°C) temperatures: a difference of 60 min was observed at the 2-cell stage and 290 min at the 1k-cell stage. When blastulae that had developed at 28°C were transferred to a temperature lower than 18°C for one or more hours, they developed normally after being returned to the original 28°C. Analyses using green fluorescent protein-buckyball mRNA and in situ hybridization against vasa mRNA showed that primordial germ cells increase under low-temperature culture; this response may be of use for studies involving heterochronic germ cell transplantation. Our study shows that embryonic developmental speed can be slowed, which will be of value for performing time-consuming, complicated, and delicate microsurgical operations.

Developmental potential of somatic and germ cells of hybrids between Carassius auratus females and Hemigrammocypris rasborella males.

The cause of hybrid sterility and inviability has not been analyzed in the fin-fish hybrid, although large numbers of hybridizations have been carried out. In this study, we produced allo-diploid hybrids by cross-fertilization between female goldfish (Carassius auratus) and male golden venus chub (Hemigrammocypris rasborella). Inviability of these hybrids was due to breakage of the enveloping layer during epiboly or due to malformation with serious cardiac oedema around the hatching stage. Spontaneous allo-triploid hybrids with two sets of the goldfish genome and one set of the golden venus chub genome developed normally and survived beyond the feeding stage. This improved survival was confirmed by generating heat-shock-induced allo-triploid hybrids that possessed an extra goldfish genome. When inviable allo-diploid hybrid cells were transplanted into goldfish host embryos at the blastula stage, these embryos hatched normally, incorporating the allo-diploid cells. These allo-diploid hybrid cells persisted, and were genetically detected in a 6-month-old fish. In contrast, primordial germ cells taken from allo-diploid hybrids and transplanted into goldfish hosts at the blastula stage had disappeared by 10 days post-fertilization, even under chimeric conditions. In allo-triploid hybrid embryos, germ cells proliferated in the gonad, but had disappeared by 10 weeks post-fertilization. These results showed that while hybrid germ cells are inviable even in chimeric conditions, hybrid somatic cells remain viable.

[Multiple Cysts Formation in Pulmonary Light Chain Deposition Disease(LCDD)-A Case Report].

AIM: To review the clinical features of the patient with cystic pulmonary light chain deposition disease(LCDD)and record high-resolution CT and histopathological findings. PATIENT: A 60-year-old woman who diagnosed multiple myeloma was admitted. There were diffuse proliferation of plasma cells by the bone marrow puncture that she received. And multiple cystic pulmonary tumors found in CT. We analyzed the method and result of the diagnosis. CT showed multiple cystic pulmonary tumors in the both lung which vessels traversing the cysts with thin wall ranged 5 to 30 millimeters. There were no abnormality in the heart, kidney and liver. Right upper lobe wedge resection was performed via video-assisted thoracic surgery( VATS)to establish a definitive diagnosis. Thoracoscopic findings revealed multiple white oval formed tumors in the visceral pleura. Histological HE staining findings of the surgical specimen revealed amyloid-like acidophilic material, and the immunohistochemical Congo red staining revealed monoclonal IgG with a kappa component. According to the above results these tumors had a diagnosis of pulmonary LCDD. CONCLUSION: VATS was effective to diagnose pulmonary LCDD in multiple cysts formation.

Morphological differences in embryos of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) under different incubation temperatures.

The goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) is a useful species for embryonic micromanipulations because of its large egg size and wide temperature tolerance. Here, we describe in detail the rate of development and morphological characteristics of goldfish embryos incubated at temperatures between 10 °C and 30 °C. The cleavage speed increased rapidly as temperature increased. Synchronized cell divisions occurred at 131 min intervals at 10 °C, at 33 min intervals at 20 °C, and at 19 min intervals at 30 °C during the cleavage period. The rate of hatched abnormal embryos significantly increased at temperatures of 26 °C and above, while there was no change in the number of abnormal embryos at temperatures less than 24 °C. Moreover, the blastomeres around the center of the blastodisc rose in the direction of the animal pole at temperatures less than 14 °C. At the lower temperatures, clusters of maternally-supplied germplasm were visualized both at the ends of the first three cleavage furrows and at the border between the lower and upper tiers at the 16- to 32-cell stage, with injection of artificial mRNA and vasa in situ hybridization. This study showed that temperature affects not only developmental speed but also the shape of the blastodisc and the distribution of maternally-supplied materials in the blastodisc. By controlling the temperature, it is possible for researchers to prepare many stages of embryos and shapes of the blastodisc from a single batch of eggs.

Conservative management of bilateral traumatic testicular dislocation in a 10-year-old boy.

A 10-year-old boy fell from a one-meter-high Jacuzzi ladder in a hot spring facility, landing in a straddle position, and injured his perineum. He visited the emergency room of our hospital immediately after the injury. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a tear of the corpus spongiosum urethra, and compression due to a hematoma. With the hematoma spreading to the scrotum, the testes became inverted and dislocated to the inguinal region on both sides. Without surgery or interventions, the testes descended into the scrotum on the third day after the injury before fibrillation and scarring began. Testicular dislocation by injury is rare and encountered exclusively in children. It is generally treated with surgery to retain testicular function. We selected conservative management, as our patient had a closed injury without testicular torsion, and the testicular dislocation was associated with compression by hematoma, which could possibly recover with regression of the hematoma.

[Resected Cases of Thyroid Tumor Diagnosed Class â ¢ by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology].

We describe 14 resected cases of thyroid tumor diagnosed as Class Ⅲ by fine needle aspiration cytology(FNA). Of these, 13 cases were diagnosed as: malignant tumor(1 case), suspicion of malignant tumor(5 cases), or were hard to distinguish from benign or malignant(7 cases). The operative methods used were total or near total thyroidectomy plus D1 or D2a in 4 cases; hemithyroidectomy plus D1 in 3 cases; subtotal thyroidectomy in 3 cases; and lobectomy of the thyroid in 4 cases. The final pathological diagnoses were papillary adenocarcinoma(6 cases, all were pStage Ⅰ), follicular adenocarcinoma(1 case, pStage Ⅲ), malignant lymphoma(1 case), follicular adenoma(2 cases), and adenomatous goiter(4 cases). The results of preoperative examination and intraoperative frozen section diagnosis did not accord with the final pathological results in 2 cases(follicular adenocarcinoma: 1, adenomatous goiter: 1). FNA Class Ⅲcases should be treated surgically, because 8 of 14 FNA Class Ⅲ cases were malignant thyroid tumor. The operation method should be selected cautiously.

Migration behavior of PGCs and asymmetrical gonad formation in pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis.

In teleost fish, the gonad originates from primordial germ cells (PGCs) and somatic cells. However, it is not clear whether the final gonadal position is determined by anteroposterior and dextrosinistral differentiation of endodermal organs or by the distribution of PGCs. The pond smelt has a transparent body even after hatching, enabling clear observation of PGC distribution and endodermal differentiation. Here, we first examined normal embryonic development to define the spatio-temporal characteristics of our developmental model. Second, the origin of PGCs was investigated by in situ hybridization. Third, the migration route of PGCs was tracked by microinjection of GFP-nos3 3' UTR mRNA and visualization of PGCs by green fluorescent protein. Lastly, differentiation of gonadal and endodermal organs was examined histologically. Maternal vasa transcripts were detected at the ends of cleavage furrows, indicating that PGCs differentiated by inheritance of germplasm as in other teleosts. During gastrulation, PGCs migrated following somatic cell movement and lined both sides of the embryonic body. During the segmentation period, PGCs moved posteriorly and were distributed in a line among dorsal mesentery cells around the posterior part of the intestinal bulb in the 16th to 24th somite region at 3 days post hatching. At 1 month post hatching, the gonad was formed at the 20th somite region. PGC distribution was biased to the left side of the body cavity, while the pancreas was formed on the right side. These results indicate that PGCs accumulate at the gonadal region by dorsal mesentery cells, and gonadal position is determined by the digestive system.

Photodynamic therapy for multiple central type lung cancer - a case report.

In case of central type lung cancer, it happens that tumors tend to grow at many foci of bronchial tree, sometimes simultaneously and sometimes not. And these patients with such abnormalities often suffer from pulmonary emphysema or chronic bronchitis because of heavy smoking habits. So it is important to choose the treatment which preserve the pulmonary function in these cases. Today among several kinds of treatments, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the definite method to maintain lung function. We report here a case of multiple central type lung cancer treated successfully by PDT.

[A case of resectable lung metastasis one year six months after surgery for pancreatic cancer].

The patient was a 68-year-old man who underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of the pancreatic head in March 2012. Pre-operative chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a scar-like shade approximately 1.5 cm in length in the right middle lobe of the lung, but an active metastasis was not suspected. Adjuvant S-1 was initiated in June the same year at 100 mg/day and reduced to 50 mg/day in October because of neutropenia. The internal structure of the right middle lobe was observed to be uneven on a CT scan obtained in July 2013, and the shading increased to approximately 3 cm in length along with spicula. Brushing and transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB)were performed. No other distant organ metastases were detected on a whole body search. Diagnosis was between a solitary lung metastasis of pancreatic cancer or cT2N0M0, StageIB primary lung cancer. The right middle lobe of the lung was resected via thoracoscopy along with lymph node dissection in September 2013. Histological examination revealed that the lesion was a well differentiated adenocarcinoma, with negative immunostaining for thyroid transcription factor-1(TTF-1) and Napsin A, and positive staining for cytokeratin (CK)7 and CK20, consistent with a solitary lung metastasis of pancreatic cancer. This report documents a rare case of pancreatic cancer with a solitary, resectable lung metastasis without involvement of other organs.

[Trial of fluoroscopy-guided transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of lung tumors].

As computed tomography( CT) technology has improved, chest CT has been adopted as a means to survey masses. We now see many cases of pulmonary small nodules or ground-glass opacities( GGO). Herein, we report our investigation of a new procedure, fluoroscopy-guided transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), for the diagnosis of such lesions. From 2009 through 2010, we examined 25 patients with pulmonary small nodules or GGO. Of these, 76% were successfully examined by conventional methods versus 62% by TBLB.

[Clinicopathological analysis of 3 cases in which pulmonary metastasis from the urothelial carcinoma was resected].

We describe 3 cases in which the pulmonary metastasis from the urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and upper urinary tract was resected. The duration from the operation of the primary lesion to the occurrence of the pulmonary metastasis was 19, 11, and 4 years in each of the 3 cases. Repeated treatment of the local recurrence was performed in all the 3 cases. Local recurrence in the bladder membrane was observed in 1 case. In 2 cases, computed tomography( CT) scans revealed that the cavitation had penetrated the tumor. Histological findings of the surgical specimen obtained from the 3 cases revealed severe tumor necrosis. Immunostaining of the surgical specimen resulted in a definitive diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis from the urothelial carcinoma in 2 cases in which a differential diagnosis could not identify the primary lung cancer from the pulmonary metastasis. The prognoses in terms of survival in each of the 3 cases were shorter than 32, 19, and 6 months from the operation of the pulmonary metastasis. However, the prognoses could be improved by multidisciplinary treatment, including the resection of the pulmonary metastasis.

[Palliative radiation treatment for superior mediastinal lymph nodes of a patient with recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy-a case report of advanced lung cancer].

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. On the right side, it branches anteriorly to the subclavian artery in the neck. In cases of malignant diseases, lymph node metastasis can lead to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Patients with this condition often suffer from aspiration pneumonia, which requires tube feeding. In this case of an advanced lung cancer, we treated the involved lymph node in the neck with palliative radiotherapy, which restored normal nerve function.

[A case of rapidly growing recurrent thyroid carcinoma performed tracheobronchial expandable metallic stent (EMS) therapy].

The case is a 60-year-old female who underwent an operation as a right lobectomy of the thyroid and the resection of neck enlarged cystic lymph nodes in 2006. Pathological results were adenomatous goiter and the metastatic lymph nodes of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The primary lesion of thyroid carcinoma was not found. In four years after the operation, the local recurrence with anaplastic formation of the tumor occurred and tracheobronchial expandable metallic stent( EMS) therapy was performed to the tracheal stenosis. But she died of rapidly enlargement of the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in two months after stent therapy. It was necessary to observe this case severely after the first operation because the primary lesion of the thyroid carcinoma was not resected. The tracheobronchial EMS therapy was effective to the respiratory failure for a short-term caused by the tracheal stenosis of the thyroid anaplastic carcinoma.

[A response to erlotinib hydrochloride in the case of post-operative recurrent thymoma].

A 43-year-old female was diagnosed with a recurrence of thymoma 6 years after the operation. Eight kinds of systemic chemotherapy were undergone for over 6 years. As the 9th chemotherapy, erlotinib hydrochloride was prescribed and the tumor decreased in size about 8 weeks later.

[Two resected cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with intralober metastasis diagnosed by the pathological diagnosis during the operation].

We described two resected cases of pulmonary adenocarcinomas with intralober pulmonary metastasis diagnosed by the frozen section diagnosis. The first case was a 61-year-old female who underwent an operation as a left S4 pulmonary adenocarcinoma which was 2 cm in size, and a left S3 pulmonary nodule which was 3 mm in size, was suspected pulmonary metastasis by CT scan. In September 2007, a partial resection of the left lung S3 was performed at first and the result of the frozen section diagnosis of this tumor was adenocarcinoma. The segmentectomy of the left lung S4, a partial resection of the left lung S6 and S3, and dissection of the lymphnodes (#6, 11) were performed. The final pathological diagnosis was pulmonary adenocarcinoma pT3N0M0=Stage IIB, pm1. The new metastasis of the right lung occurred in 2009, a partial resection of the right lung and systemic chemotherapy were performed. The second case was a 60-year-old female who underwent an operation as a right S10, S6, S2 pulmonary ground grass opacity (GGO) nodules which were 0.5 to 1 cm in size, was suspected pulmonary adenocarcinoma by CT scan. In June 2009, a partial resection of the right lung S10 was performed at first and the result of the frozen section diagnosis of this tumor was adenocarcinoma. Following this diagnosis, a partial resection of the right lung S6, and dissection of the lymphnodes (#7, 10) were performed and these results of the frozen section diagnosis were lung S6 tumor: adenocarcinoma, and the lymphnodes: no malignancy. The additional resection of the right lung S2, S8 was performed, the final pathological diagnosis was pulmonary adenocarcinoma pT-3N0M0=Stage IIB, pm1. After the operation, a systemic chemotherapy was performed.

[A case of lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion obtained a long-time survival after intra-operative hyperthermo-chemotherapy].

A 68-year-old female diagnosed as lung cancer with malignant effusion was treated with partial resection and intra-operative hyperthermo-chemotherapy. In such cases like carcinomatous pleuritis without disseminations, a limited operation and hyperthermo-chemotherapy with distilled water could be successful.