Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2011.

The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than believed previously. As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published in 2010 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 173-300). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter progress reports, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in key areas of importance to the parties. The next full quadrennial report will be published in 2014-2015.

Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2009.

The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with UV radiation and its effects on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality and materials. Since 2000, the analyses and interpretation of these effects have included interactions between UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than believed previously. As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will likely be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was that for 2006 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 201-332). In the years in between, the EEAP produces a less detailed and shorter progress report, as is the case for this present one for 2009. A full quadrennial report will follow for 2010.

Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2008.

After the enthusiastic celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 2007, the work for the protection of the ozone layer continues. The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel is one of the three expert panels within the Montreal Protocol. This EEAP deals with the increase of the UV irradiance on the Earth's surface and its effects on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality and materials. For the past few years, interactions of ozone depletion with climate change have also been considered. It has become clear that the environmental problems will be long-lasting. In spite of the fact that the worldwide production of ozone depleting chemicals has already been reduced by 95%, the environmental disturbances are expected to persist for about the next half a century, even if the protective work is actively continued, and completed. The latest full report was published in Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 201-332, and the last progress report in Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2008, 7, 15-27. The next full report on environmental effects is scheduled for the year 2010. The present progress report 2008 is one of the short interim reports, appearing annually.

Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2004.

The complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent.

Validation of ICRP metabolic models for the transuranics in a Japanese population.

Distributions of (239,240)Pu and 241Am in the tissues of Japanese were determined and then compared to those estimated using recent ICRP metabolic models. Intakes by inhalation and ingestion were calculated and used as input to the ICRP-30 model or a combination of the ICRP-66 lung model and the ICRP-67 metabolic model. The (239,240)Pu distribution in the lung, liver, skeleton, kidney, and muscle using the combination ICRP-66 and 67 models agreed well with the measured data. However, the measured plutonium concentration in the spleen was higher than predicted and than found in the kidney or muscle and indicates that the spleen should be treated as a separate organ in the ICRP model. The fractional uptake via ingestion of (239,240)Pu was estimated to be 11% with 5 x 10(-4) as the f1 value. The combination of ICRP-66 and 67 models were adequate descriptors of the organ burdens of 241Am measured in Akita and Niigata district populations. The 241Am ingrowth from 241Pu taken into in the human body contributes 90% of the measured burden.

Free water 3H concentrations in serum samples collected during 1969-1992 in Akita, Japan.

The measurements for human and environmental samples from the 1960's and 1970's are important to understand the long-term transfer of 3H from the environment to the human body. The authors have previously reported 3H concentrations in diet samples collected in Akita Prefecture during 1969-1988. Serum samples from persons living in Akita Prefecture during 1969-1992 were recently obtained. The samples were originally gathered for medical examinations and stored in freezers at -20 degrees C. Composite samples from 100 persons on average were made for analysis. The free water 3H (FWT) concentrations in those samples were determined and compared with 3H concentrations in diet samples and precipitation. The long-term variation pattern of the FWT concentrations in the serum samples was similar to patterns in the diet samples and precipitation, but the FWT concentrations in the serum samples were slightly higher than those in the latter two. A single compartment model calculation showed that the apparent mean residence time of serum FWT was 1.4 y using precipitation as an input to the compartment.

Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change.

The potential health effects of elevated levels of ambient UV-B radiation are diverse, and it is difficult to quantify the risks, especially as they are likely to be considerably modified by human behaviour. Nevertheless epidemiological and experimental studies have confirmed that UV radiation is a definite risk factor for certain types of cataract, with peak efficacy in the UV-B waveband. The causal link between squamous cell carcinoma and cumulative solar UV exposure has been well established. New findings regarding the genetic basis of skin cancer, including studies on genetically modified mice, have confirmed the epidemiological evidence that UV radiation contributes to the formation of basal cell carcinomas and cutaneous melanomas, For the latter, animal models have demonstrated that UV exposure at a very young age is more detrimental than exposure in adulthood. Although suppression of certain immune responses has been recognised following UV exposure, the impact of this suppression on the control of infectious and autoimmune diseases is largely unknown. However, studies on several microbial infections have indicated significant consequences in terms of symptoms or reactivation of disease. The possibility that the immune response to vaccination could be depressed by UV-B exposure is of considerable concern. Newly emerging possibilities regarding interactions between ozone depletion and global climate change further complicate the risk assessments for human health but might result in an increased incidence of cataracts and skin cancer, plus alterations in the patterns of certain categories of infectious and other diseases.