Association of cardiovascular health with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis progression among five racial and ethnic groups: The MASALA and MESA studies.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: South Asian adults (SA) are at higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Life's Simple 7 (LS7) is a guideline-recommended, cardiovascular health (CVH) construct to guide optimization of cardiovascular risk factors. We sought to assess if the LS7 metrics predict coronary artery calcium (CAC) incidence and progression in asymptomatic SA compared with four other racial/ethnic groups. METHODS: We assessed the distribution of CVH metrics (inadequate: score 0-8, average: 9-10, optimal: 11-14, and per 1-unit higher score) and its association with incidence and progression of CAC among South Asians in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study compared with other race/ethnic groups from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). RESULTS: We included 810 SA, 2622 Non-Hispanic White (NHW), and 4192 Other adults (collectively 1893 Black, 1496 Hispanic and 803 Chinese American participants, respectively). SA and White participants compared to Other race/ethnicity groups were more likely to have optimal CVH metrics (26% SA vs 28% White participants vs 21% Other, respectively, p < 0.001). Similar to NHW and the Other race/ethnic group, SA participants with optimal baseline CVH were less likely to develop incident CAC on follow-up evaluation compared to participants with inadequate CVH metrics, optimal CVH/CAC = 0: 24% SA, 28% NHW, and 15% Other (p < 0.01). In multivariable linear and logistic regression models, there was no difference in annualized CAC incidence or progression between each race/ethnic group (pinteraction = 0.85 and pinteraction = 0.17, respectively). Optimal blood pressure control was associated with lower CAC incidence among SA participants [OR (95% CI): 0.30 (0.14-0.63), p < 0.01] and Other race and ethnicity participants [0.32 (0.19-0.53), p < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal CVH metrics are associated with lower incident CAC and CAC progression among South Asians, similar to other racial groups/ethnicities. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing and maintaining CVH to mitigate the future risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in this higher risk population.

Associations between dietary indices and hearing status among middle-older aged adults - results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

BACKGROUND: Hearing loss, a public health issue in older populations, is closely related to functional decline. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the longitudinal associations between 4 dietary indices and hearing status. METHODS: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were used and included 882 participants ≥45 y of age. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and 4 dietary scores (Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet [MIND], Mediterranean style diet score [MDS], Alternative Healthy Eating Index [AHEI], and Healthy Eating Index [HEI]) were calculated as averages over time. Hearing status was examined using pure-tone audiometry, and pure-tone average (PTA) of hearing thresholds were calculated at speech-level (PTA(500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz)), low (PTA(500, 1000 Hz)), and high (PTA(4000, 8000 Hz)) frequencies, with lower thresholds indicating better hearing. Multivariable linear mixed-effect models were used to examine associations between dietary indices and hearing threshold change over time adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean age of participants was 67 y and 55% were female. Over a median of 8 y of follow-up, MDS ≥7 was associated with 3.5 (95% CI: -6.5, -0.4) and 5.0 (95% CI: -9.1, -1.0) dB lower PTA(500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) and PTA(4000, 8000 Hz), respectively, compared with MDS ≤3; the highest tertile of the AHEI was associated with 2.3 (95% CI: -4.6, -0.1) and 5.0 (95% CI: -8.0, -2.0) dB lower PTA(500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) and PTA(4000, 8000 Hz); and each standard deviation increment in HEI was associated with 1.6 dB (95% CI: -2.7, -0.6), 1.1 dB (95% CI: -2.1, -0.1), and 2.1 dB (95% CI: -3.5, -0.6) lower PTA(500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz), PTA(500, 1000 Hz), and PTA(4000, 8000 Hz), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to healthy dietary patterns was associated with better hearing status, with stronger associations at high frequencies. Am J Clin Nutr 20xx;x:xx.

Social and psychosocial determinants of racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular health: The MASALA and MESA studies.

Background: Social and psychosocial determinants are associated with cardiovascular health (CVH). Objectives: To quantify the contributions of social and psychosocial factors to racial/ethnic differences in CVH. Methods: In the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America cohorts, Kitagawa-Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition quantified the contributions of social and psychosocial factors to differences in mean CVH score (range 0-14) in Black, Chinese, Hispanic, or South Asian compared with White participants. Results: Among 7,978 adults (mean age 61 [SD 10] years, 52 % female), there were 1,892 Black (mean CVH score for decomposition analysis 7.96 [SD 2.1]), 804 Chinese (CVH 9.69 [1.8]), 1,496 Hispanic (CVH 8.00 [2.1]), 1,164 South Asian (CVH 9.16 [2.0]), and 2,622 White (CVH 8.91 [2.1]) participants. The factors that were associated with the largest magnitude of explained differences in mean CVH score were income for Black participants (if mean income in Black participants were equal to White participants, Black participants' mean CVH score would be 0.14 [SE 0.05] points higher); place of birth for Chinese participants (if proportion of US-born and foreign-born individuals among Chinese adults were equivalent to White participants, Chinese participants' mean CVH score would be 0.22 [0.10] points lower); and education for Hispanic and South Asian participants (if educational attainment were equivalent to White participants, Hispanic and South Asian participants' mean CVH score would be 0.55 [0.11] points higher and 0.37 [0.11] points lower, respectively). Conclusions: In these multiethnic US cohorts, social and psychosocial factors were associated with racial/ethnic differences in CVH.

Adherence to the healthy eating index-2010 and alternative healthy eating index-2010 in relation to metabolic syndrome among African Americans in the Jackson heart study.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) scores were associated with incident metabolic syndrome. DESIGN: This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Jackson Heart Study. HEI and AHEI scores were divided into quintiles and Cox proportional hazards regression models were analysed for 1864 African American adults free from metabolic syndrome at Exam 1 to examine the incidence of metabolic syndrome by quintile of dietary quality score. SETTING: Hinds, Madison and Rankin counties, Mississippi, USA. PARTICIPANTS: African American adults, ages 21-94 years, 60·9 % female. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up time of 6·7 years, we observed 932 incident cases of metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for multiple covariates, a higher HEI score at Exam 1 was not associated with the risk of incident metabolic syndrome, except when looking at the trend analysis for the subgroup of adults with two metabolic syndrome components at Exam 1 (P-trend = 0·03). A higher AHEI score at Exam 1 was associated with the risk of incident metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio for those in the highest quintile compared to the lowest: 0·80 (95 % CI: 0·65, 0·99), P-trend = 0·03). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a dietary pattern that scores higher on the AHEI may help reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome, even for adults who already have two of the minimum of three components required for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Plant-based diets and the gut microbiome: findings from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence indicates that although some plant-based diets are healthful, others are not. Changes in the gut microbiome and microbiome-dependent metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), may explain differential health effects of plant-based diets. However, human data are sparse on whether qualitatively distinct types of plant-based diets differentially affect gut microbiome diversity, composition, particularly at the species level, and/or metabolites. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine cross-sectional associations of different plant-based indices with adult gut microbiome diversity, composition, and the metabolite TMAO. METHODS: We studied 705 adults in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with data for diet, fecal microbiome (shotgun metagenomic sequencing), and key covariates. We derived healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI) using data from food frequency questionnaires. We examined plant-based diet indices with microbiome α-diversity (richness and evenness measures), ß-diversity (Bray-Curtis and UniFrac measures), composition (species level), and plasma TMAO. We used regression models to determine associations before and after adjustment for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking status, body mass index, and total energy intake. RESULTS: The analytic sample (mean age, 71.0 years, SD = 12.8 years) comprised 55.6% female and 67.5% non-Hispanic White participants. hPDI was positively and uPDI negatively associated with microbiome α-diversity, driven by microbial evenness (Pielou P < 0.05). hPDI was also positively associated with relative abundance of 3 polysaccharide-degrading bacterial species (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium eligens, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) and inversely associated with 6 species (Blautia hydrogenotrophica, Doreasp CAG 317, Eisenbergiella massiliensis, Sellimonas intestinalis, Blautia wexlerae, and Alistipes shahii). Furthermore, hPDI was inversely associated with TMAO. Associations did not differ by age, sex, or race. CONCLUSIONS: Greater adherence to a healthful plant-based diet is associated with microbiome features that have been linked to positive health; adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet has opposing or null associations with these features.

Dietary Intakes of Community-Dwelling Adults in the United States across Older Adulthood: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-March 2020.

BACKGROUND: Dietary guidance is set on the basis of age and life stage and defines older adults as ≥60 y. Yet, little is known about if and/or how diet quality differs beyond the age of 60. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the dietary intakes of 60-69 (n = 2079), 70-79 (n = 1181), and 80+ y old (n = 644) noninstitutionalized men and women in the United States using the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI) and the What We Eat in America food categories. METHODS: Data were obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2016 and 2017-March 2020. HEI and component scores were calculated using the population ratio method. Population estimates for dietary intake were calculated as the average reported over 2 separate nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS: In men and women, the reported energy intake was lower among the 80+ y olds (kcal/d men-80+: 1884 ± 30, 70-79: 2022 ± 33, 60-69: 2142 ± 39; women-80+: 1523 ± 36; 70-79: 1525 ± 33, 60-69: 1650 ± 25; P-trend < 0.001). Total HEI scores did not differ significantly across the 3 age categories, but the 80+ y olds had significantly lower scores for the green vegetables and beans component than the 60-69 y olds [men-mean (95% confidence interval): 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) compared with 3.4 (2.6, 4.1); women-2.3 (1.8, 2.8) compared with 4.4 (3.7, 5.0)]. In women, the percentage of daily calories from protein was significantly lower in the 80+ y olds than in the 60-69 and 70-79 y olds (12.9% ± 0.6%, compared with 17.0% ± 0.9% and 15.6% ± 0.6%, respectively). Protein intake did not differ significantly among the 3 age groups in men. The 80+ y old men and women reported consuming a significantly higher percentage of calories from snacks and sweets compared with the 60-69 y olds (men-80+: 18.1% ± 0.8%, 60-69: 15.4% ± 0.7%; women-80+: 19.6% ± 0.8%, 60-69: 15.5% ± 0.7%). CONCLUSION: The diet of 80+ y olds differed from that of 60-69 y olds in some key components, including energy, snacks and sweets, protein, and green vegetables. Future research is needed to determine if there are health-related consequences to these differences.

Development of a Food List to Assess the Diet of South Asians Living in the U.S.: Preliminary Results From a Formative Study.

Introduction: South Asians are an underrepresented population subgroup in the U.S., yet they have higher rates of chronic diseases. There is currently no tool that assesses the nutrition intake of South Asians in the U.S., despite their unique dietary profile that may be associated with disease outcomes. The objective of this preliminary study was to create a food list, inclusive of herbs and spices, that will be used in the development of the web-based South Asian Food Intake System for dietary assessment of South Asian adults living in the U.S. Methods: Authors used a Qualtrics survey to collect sociodemographic information (n=66), and 24-hour diet recall and Home Food Inventory interviews were conducted through Zoom (n=31). Grocery store tours and cookbook and existing food frequency questionnaire review were conducted. Results: A food list of 484 individual food items was generated. These items were sorted into 12 main food categories and condensed into 302 line items. Most respondents (68%) reported consuming South Asian meals regularly and utilizing herbs/spices during food preparation (83%). Conclusions: This pilot study describes the data collection to develop a food list for the South Asian Food Intake System, which can be utilized by educators, clinicians, and researchers to more accurately collect information about dietary intake among South Asian Americans.

Plant Protein but Not Animal Protein Consumption Is Associated with Frailty through Plasma Metabolites.

There is evidence that the association of protein intake and frailty may depend on the source of dietary protein. The mechanism underlying this association is not clear. In this study, we explore circulating metabolites as mediators of the relationship between dietary protein and of frailty in participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Cross-sectional analyses in 735 BLSA participants of associations between plant and animal protein intake and frailty. Usual protein intake from plant and animal sources were estimated with a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and frailty was assessed with a 44-item Frailty Index (FI). Compared with the lowest quartile, higher quartiles of plant, but not animal, protein were associated with lower FI. Twenty-five plasma metabolites were associated with plant protein intake; of these, fifteen, including phosphatidylcholines, cholesterol esters, sphingomyelins, and indole metabolites, mediated the association between plant protein intake and FI. The protective association between plant protein consumption and FI is mediated by lower abundance of lipid metabolites and higher abundance of tryptophan-related metabolites.

Concordance between Dash Diet and Hypertension: Results from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study.

High blood pressure is an important predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly among South Asians, who are at higher risk for ASCVD when compared to other population groups. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern is established as the best proven nonpharmacological approach to preventing hypertension in adults. Using data from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) cohort, we calculated a DASH dietary score to examine the association between adherence to the DASH diet and its components, and prevalent and incident hypertension and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, after five years of follow-up. We found that the relative risk ratio (RRR) of incident hypertension was 67% lower among participants in the highest DASH diet score category (aRRR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.82; ptrend = 0.02) compared with those in the lowest DASH diet score category in fully adjusted models. These findings are consistent with previous clinical trials and large prospective cohort studies, adding to evidence that supports the diet-disease relationship established between DASH diet and hypertension. This study is the first to examine DASH diet adherence and hypertension among South Asian adults in the U.S.

Cardiovascular Health by Life's Essential 8 and Associations With Coronary Artery Calcium in South Asian American Adults in the MASALA Study.

South Asian Americans experience high cardiovascular disease risk. We evaluated the distribution and correlates of cardiovascular health (CVH) summarized by the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score among South Asian adults. In participants of the MASALA (Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America) study, the association of demographic, social, and cultural factors with LE8 score was evaluated with t tests and analysis of variance. The association of LE8 score with coronary artery calcium (CAC) was evaluated with adjusted logistic regression. There were 556 women (mean age 55.9 years [SD 8.7], mean LE8 score 67.2 (SD 12.6) and 608 men (mean age 57.5 years [SD 9.9], mean LE8 score 61.9 (SD 13.1). Among women and men, the LE8 CVH score was higher in participants with higher annual family income, higher educational attainment, and fewer depressive symptoms. Overall, there was 26% lower odds of any CAC for each 10-point higher LE8 score (odds ratios [OR] 0.74, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.66 to 0.83), with similar magnitude of association in women and men. Participants with a high LE8 CVH score had 82% lower odds of CAC (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.33), and participants with an intermediate LE8 CVH score had 38% lower odds of CAC (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.94) than did participants with a low LE8 CVH score, with similar findings stratified by gender. In conclusion, in this cohort of South Asian Americans, most adults had suboptimal CVH assessed by the LE8 score. Higher LE8 score correlated with lower odds of any CAC.

Proteomic Mediators of Overall Cardiovascular Health on All-Cause Mortality.

Measures of cardiovascular health (CVH) assessed by a combination of behavioral and biological factors has shown protective associations with all-cause mortality. The mechanisms underlying these associations have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we characterized the plasma proteomics profile of CVH and tested whether specific proteins mediated the associations between CVH and all-cause mortality in participants of the InCHIANTI study. Of the 1301 proteins tested, 92 proteins were associated with CVH (22 positively, 70 negatively). Proteins most strongly associated with CVH included leptin (LEP), fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), and growth-differential factor 15 (GDF15). Of the 92 CVH-associated proteins, 33 proteins significantly mediated the associations between CVH and all-cause mortality, with percent mediation ranging from 5 to 30%. The most significant mediating proteins were GDF15 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGFBP2). Proteins associated with better CVH were enriched for proteins that reflect the suppression of the complement coagulation and GH/IGF pathways.

Measures of Food Inadequacy and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Black Individuals in the US From the Jackson Heart Study.

Importance: Food insecurity disproportionately affects Black individuals in the US. Its association with coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke is unclear. Objective: To evaluate the associations of economic food insecurity and proximity with unhealthy food options with risk of incident CHD, HF, and stroke and the role of diet quality and stress. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was a time-to-event analysis of 3024 Black adult participants in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) without prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) at visit 1 (2000-2004). Data analysis was conducted from September 1, 2020, to November 30, 2021. Exposures: Economic food insecurity, defined as receiving food stamps or self-reported not enough money for groceries, and high frequency of unfavorable food stores (>2.5 unfavorable food stores [fast food restaurants, convenience stores] within 1 mile). Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were incident CVD including incident CHD, stroke, and HF with preserved ejection fraction and with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). During a median follow-up of 13.8 (IQR, 12.8-14.6) years, the associations of measures of food inadequacy with incident CVD (CHD, stroke, and HF) were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: Among the 3024 study participants, the mean (SD) age was 54 (12) years, 1987 (66%) were women, 630 (21%) were economically food insecure, and 50% (by definition) had more than 2.5 unfavorable food stores within 1 mile. In analyses adjusted for cardiovascular risk and socioeconomic factors, economic food insecurity was associated with higher risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06-2.91) and incident HFrEF (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.16-3.70), but not stroke. These associations persisted after further adjustment for diet quality and perceived stress. In addition, economic food insecurity was associated with higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and renin concentrations. High frequency of unfavorable food stores was not associated with CHD, HF, or stroke. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study suggest that economic food insecurity, but not proximity to unhealthy food options, was associated with risk of incident CHD and HFrEF independent of socioeconomic factors, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, diet quality, perceived stress, and other health behaviors. Economic food insecurity was also associated with markers of inflammation and neurohormonal activation. Economic food insecurity may be a promising potential target for the prevention of CVD.

Quality Specific Associations of Carbohydrate Consumption and Frailty Index.

Background: The quality of carbohydrate consumed may influence the risk of frailty. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that indices of carbohydrate intake are associated with trajectories of frailty in participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Methods: Cross sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted in 1024 BLSA participants to examine the association between usual intake of carbohydrate and frailty index. Seven measures of carbohydrate consumption were estimated using data derived from Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) and examined in association with a 43-item Frailty Index (FI). Results: In cross-sectional analyses, there was a significant, positive association between higher tertiles of total carbohydrate, glycemic load, and non-whole grains and FI. Conversely, higher tertiles of fiber-to-carbohydrate ratio was associated with lower FI. These differences persisted over the follow-up period of up to 13.8 years. Women in the highest tertile of the fiber-to-carbohydrate ratio showed a less steep increase in FI over time. Conclusions: Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with increased frailty risk in the BLSA participants, whereas a higher fiber-to-carbohydrate ratio was related to reduced risk for frailty.

Vitamin D status and prevalence of metabolic syndrome by race and Hispanic origin in US adults: findings from the 2007-2014 NHANES.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D status has been found to be inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in some studies. Vitamin D status varies by race and ethnicity, and the association of MetS with vitamin D status in US adults and by race and Hispanic origin has not been evaluated extensively. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the associations between vitamin D status and MetS overall, and across race and Hispanic origin groups, in a nationally representative sample of US adults who participated in the NHANES from 2007 to 2014. METHODS: The total sample included 8639 adults, ≥20 y of age. Serum vitamin D was measured using a standardized LC-tandem MS method and was categorized using data-driven tertiles. MetS was defined using measured waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted [accounting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, dietary supplement use, and BMI (in kg/m2)] to examine the associations of serum vitamin D with MetS among adults overall, and by race and Hispanic origin. RESULTS: Serum vitamin D in the lowest tertile (≤56 nmol/L) was significantly associated with increased odds of MetS compared with the highest tertile (>77.9 nmol/L) (fully adjusted model OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.27). Inverse associations were noted for all race-Hispanic origin groups: non-Hispanic white (NHW) (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.67, 3.01), non-Hispanic black (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.29), and Hispanic (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.14) adults. CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin D status was significantly associated with MetS among US adults after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, dietary supplement use, and BMI. This finding was noted across all race and Hispanic origin groups, although the strength of the association varied, being strongest for NHW adults.

A need for diet assessment technology for South Asians living in the USA.

South Asians are among the fastest growing ethnic group in the USA yet remain understudied in epidemiologic studies. Due to their unique disease profile, identifying risk moderators and mitigators, such as dietary patterns and food intake, will help to determine the diet-disease relationship that is specific to this largely immigrant population group in the USA. The aim of this commentary is to highlight the dietary traditions and acculturated practices experienced by South Asians in the USA with a call for a diet assessment instrument that adequately captures their dietary diversity. Specifically, we call for (i) the inclusion of traditional food items, such as herbs and spices, that individualize diet assessment for participants; and (ii) leveraging technology that will enhance the experience of diet assessment for both researchers and participants, tailoring the collection of habitual dietary intake in this diverse population group.

Metabolomic Profile of Different Dietary Patterns and Their Association with Frailty Index in Community-Dwelling Older Men and Women.

Diet quality has been associated with slower rates of aging; however, the mechanisms underlying the role of a healthy diet in aging are not fully understood. To address this question, we aimed to identify plasma metabolomic biomarkers of dietary patterns and explored whether these metabolites mediate the relationship between diet and healthy aging, as assessed by the frailty index (FI) in 806 participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Adherence to different dietary patterns was evaluated using the Mediterranean diet score (MDS), Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) score, and Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI). Associations between diet, FI, and metabolites were assessed using linear regression models. Higher adherence to these dietary patterns was associated with lower FI. We found 236, 218, and 278 metabolites associated with the MDS, MIND, and AHEI, respectively, with 127 common metabolites, which included lipids, tri/di-glycerides, lyso/phosphatidylcholine, amino acids, bile acids, ceramides, cholesterol esters, fatty acids and acylcarnitines, indoles, and sphingomyelins. Metabolomic signatures of diet explained 28%, 37%, and 38% of the variance of the MDS, MIND, and AHEI, respectively. Signatures of MIND and AHEI mediated 55% and 61% of the association between each dietary pattern with FI, while the mediating effect of MDS signature was not statistically significant. The high number of metabolites associated with the different dietary patterns supports the notion of common mechanisms that underly the relationship between diet and frailty. The identification of multiple metabolite classes suggests that the effect of diet is complex and not mediated by any specific biomarkers. Furthermore, these metabolites may serve as biomarkers for poor diet quality to identify individuals for targeted dietary interventions.

Relationship of American Heart Association's Life Simple 7, Ectopic Fat, and Insulin Resistance in 5 Racial/Ethnic Groups.

BACKGROUND: The inverse association between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) as measured by the American Heart Association's Life Simple 7 (LS7) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence is well documented. However, research exploring the association between CVH and specific risk factors for cardiometabolic disease is sparse in diverse cohorts. METHODS: This study included 7717 participants from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis cohorts. We assigned each LS7 component a 0, 1, and 2 and summed these scores to derive an overall CVH score. Visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular fat area, pericardial fat volume, and hepatic fat attenuation were measured using noncontrast computed tomography. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between CVH categories and each log-transformed ectopic fat depot, as well as the homeostatic assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: In adjusted analysis, compared to those with ideal CVH, participants with poor CVH demonstrated 63.4% (95% CI, 54.3-73.0) higher visceral fat area, 84.0% (95% CI, 76.5-92.1) higher pericardial fat volume, 61.6% (95% CI, 50.7-73.2) higher subcutaneous fat area, and 40.6% (95% CI, 30.2-52.0) higher intermuscular fat area, and 15.1% (95% CI, 13.1-17.2) higher hepatic fat (all Ps < 0.001). Also, poor CVH was associated with 148.2% (95% CI, 131.1-166.7) higher HOMA-IR. We also found significant heterogeneity in the strengths of association by race/ethnicity for each ectopic fat depot. CONCLUSION: Poor and intermediate CVH, as defined by LS7 metrics, were associated with significantly higher measures of ectopic fat and insulin resistance among individuals from 5 racial/ethnic groups.

Plant-based diets and incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in African Americans: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have documented lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among people with a higher adherence to a plant-based dietary pattern. Non-Hispanic black Americans are an understudied group with high burden of CVD, yet studies of plant-based diets have been limited in this population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted an analysis of prospectively collected data from a community-based cohort of African American adults (n = 3,635) in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) aged 21-95 years, living in the Jackson, Mississippi, metropolitan area, US, who were followed from 2000 to 2018. Using self-reported dietary data, we assigned scores to participants' adherence to 3 plant-based dietary patterns: an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthy PDI (hPDI), and an unhealthy PDI (uPDI). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between plant-based diet scores and CVD incidence and all-cause mortality. Over a median follow-up of 13 and 15 years, there were 293 incident CVD cases and 597 deaths, respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and education) and health behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, margarine intake, physical activity, and total energy intake), no significant association was observed between plant-based diets and incident CVD for overall PDI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95% CI 0.78-1.42, p-trend = 0.72), hPDI (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.80-1.42, p-trend = 0.67), and uPDI (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.71-1.28, p-trend = 0.76). Corresponding HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality risk with overall PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were 0.96 (0.78-1.18), 0.94 (0.76-1.16), and 1.06 (0.86-1.30), respectively. Corresponding HRs (95% CIs) for incident coronary heart disease with overall PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were 1.09 (0.74-1.61), 1.11 (0.76-1.61), and 0.79 (0.52-1.18), respectively. For incident total stroke, HRs (95% CIs) for overall PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were 1.00 (0.66-1.52), 0.91 (0.61-1.36), and 1.26 (0.84-1.89) (p-trend for all tests > 0.05). Limitations of the study include use of self-reported dietary intake, residual confounding, potential for reverse causation, and that the study did not capture those who exclusively consume plant-derived foods. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of black Americans, we observed that, unlike in prior studies, greater adherence to a plant-based diet was not associated with CVD or all-cause mortality.

Dietary Diversity and Its Associations with Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Odisha, India.

The aim of this study is to examine diet diversity, predictors associated with it, and its associations with anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in rural India. Baseline data from the Reductions in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) project were used and included 980 non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years from Odisha, India. The Food and Agriculture Organization's Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) was used to assess diet diversity. Anemia was determined by hemoglobin level and categorized as normal (hemoglobin ≥ 12 g/dL), mild (11 ≤ hemoglobin <12 g/dL) and moderate/severe (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with diet diversity, and multinomial logistic regression for associations between diet diversity and anemia. Forty-four percent of women were classified as having a diverse diet (MDD-W ≥5). Women with higher education level, belonging to a scheduled caste (vs. tribe), and higher body mass index had higher odds of a diversified diet (p < .05 for all). A more diverse diet was associated with 30% of lower odds of mild anemia (odds ratio = 0.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.5-0.98, p = .035), however, no statistically significant associations were found for moderate/severe anemia. Diet diversity was inversely associated with prevalence of mild anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in rural India.

The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is associated with physical function and grip strength in older men and women.

BACKGROUND: Diet quality may be protective of physical function and muscle strength during aging. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate associations of the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet with physical function and grip strength. METHODS: Data were obtained from men and women in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (mean ± SD age: 68 ± 14 y at first diet visit; n = 1358). Diet was assessed by FFQ. MIND diet score was calculated from 15 food groups, with a higher score indicating better diet quality; tertile categories of averaged MIND score across visits were used. Physical function was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), with a score < 10 indicative of impaired function, and the Health, Aging and Body Composition Physical Performance Battery (HABCPPB). The highest value of grip strength over 3 trials was used. Multivariable logistic and linear mixed-effects models were examined with repeated measurements of physical function and grip strength, respectively. RESULTS: MIND score was inversely associated with physical function impairment (per 1-point increment: OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.93; P < 0.01), and with each SPPB component, over a median 6 y of follow-up. Participants in the highest compared with the lowest tertile of MIND diet score had 57% lower odds of functional impairment (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.73; P < 0.01), and slower decline by the HABCPPB. Men and women in the highest compared with the lowest tertiles of MIND score had 1.86-kg (95% CI: 0.33, 3.40 kg; P < 0.05) and 1.24-kg (95% CI: 0.04, 2.45 kg; P < 0.05) greater grip strength, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the MIND dietary pattern was associated with lower odds of physical function impairment and decline, and with better muscle strength, indicating that the MIND dietary pattern may be protective of physical functional health in older adults.