Chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques used in the analysis of triazole antifungal agents-a review.

Systematic review of literature coupled with integrative research of published data for triazole antifungal agents was done. The investigated literature covered chromatographic and electrophoretic methods developed in the last 10 years (2000-2009). The aim of this review was to compare different methodologies, assess preferences in the selection of analytical methods and to find still existing analytical problems. Last decade is characterized by dynamic development of instrumental methods, that results in advance and diversity of applied analytical procedures. The main focus was given to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the technique of choice in the analysis of most of pharmaceuticals. The review includes literature on 8 triazole antifungal drugs: fluconazole, itraconazole and terconazole from the first generation and posaconazole, voriconazole, ravuconazole, isavuconazole and albaconazole classified in second generation. Investigations of pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples were considered.

Aza-analogs of 8-styrylxanthines as A2A-adenosine receptor antagonists.

In the present study we synthesized aza-analogs of 8-styrylxanthines, in which the ethenyl bridge is replaced by an imine, amide, or azo function, in order to investigate structure-activity relationships of the 8-substituent of A2A-selective xanthine derivatives. Thus, various 8-substituents were combined with theophylline or caffeine, respectively, and affinities of the novel compounds for adenosine A1- and A2a-receptors were determined and compared with those of analogous 8-styrylxanthine derivatives. 8-(Benzylideneamino)caffeine derivatives exhibited high affinity and selectivity for A2A-adenosine receptors, but were unstable in aqueous buffer solution at physiological pH values. 8-(Phenylazo)caffeine derivatives were less potent than corresponding 8-styrylcaffeine derivatives at adenosine receptors. The most potent azo compound of the present series was 8-(m-chlorophenylazo)caffeine (14b) exhibiting a Ki value of 400 nM at A2A-adenosine receptors and 20-fold selectivity versus A1-receptors. Due to the facile synthetic access to 8-(phenylazo)xanthine derivatives, which are obtained by coupling of 8-unsubstituted xanthines with phenyldiazonium salts, 14b may be an interesting new lead compound for the development of more potent and selective A2A-antagonists with azo structure.